Russian Science: Discussion Thread

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Scientists at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS (Novosibirsk), the world's first artificial diamonds grown special for photonic computers, reported the press-center of the Novosibirsk TASS Director of the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS Nikolai Pokhilenko.

"This year, we have learned to grow crystals with Ge defect centers. This is very important stuff. We first raised it, behind us went to the Americans, the Germans. This material is to create a new generation of computers, so-called photonic computers ", - he said.

At the center of the diamond, scientists have put in place carbon atom of germanium. The name "defective", according to scientists, are any diamonds that contain anything other than carbon.

His development of the scientists gave to colleagues at the Institute of Semiconductor Physics and the Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS to create complex devices.

A feature of photonic computers is that they do not work on the base of electronics and on the basis of photons which should provide much greater speed than conventional devices - about 10 million times. Such a computer, according to the scientist, makes it possible to create artificial intelligence. Another feature of photonic computer is able to work at temperatures ranging from 0 to 900 degrees.

"If you compare the speed of movement of the snail and of supersonic missiles - about the same as comparing the speed of a conventional device that will be created on the basis of this material," - added Pokhilenko.

"Modern microprocessors based on gallium arsenide or silicon make it possible to generate, amplify frequencies of the order a few tens of megahertz, and then not working. And they can come in the terahertz range, in petagertsovye. This is very different speed, "- he said.

MOSCOW, January 15 - RIA Novosti. The Russian scientists from MIPT, ICP them. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow State University, and established a mechanism of laser deposition patterns on the glass with a resolution of 1000 times smaller than the width of a human hair, according to the press service of the MIPT. Focusing the laser was made using small glass spheres that act as lenses. This mechanism allows cheap and fairly easy to apply complex patterns on a glass surface to obtain a spatial resolution of less than 100 nanometers.

The proposed method will quickly and cheaply create nanoscale sensors and microchips. As scientists say, it is much cheaper and technologically easier its competitors, despite the fact that allows the application to set the computer drawings on the glass surface with an acceptable resolution.

To demonstrate this method was applied to the glass abbreviation Institute of Chemical Physics (ICP) with high resolution (about 100 nanometers). Nanogravirovka, in particular, is used to create high-precision circuits in microfluidics: engraved on the channels may leak hydraulic fluid, connecting the various parts of the circuit, and the size of such a scheme, the smaller the higher the resolution of the engraving.

A femtosecond laser used by scientists capable of applying complex two- and three-dimensional structures on the surface of a transparent material. Resolution - the minimum size of the details of such a structure - is always a problem in this kind of problems, since it is limited to the bottom (for physical reasons) wavelength laser. The higher the resolution, the smaller the structures applied, and more interesting and sought-after technology in these structures.

To improve the resolution is often used near-field effect. This process involves focusing a laser beam, using as a "lens", metallic nanoparticles or microspheres dielectric layer. However, these methods complicate the application as the "lens" are fixed in space.

In their paper, the authors propose a different approach: using a beam of light in a fluid creates a kind of a trap, which is placed with glass beads. The advantage of this method consists in focusing that the "trap" may be moved, thereby moving the "lens" in space and focusing the laser to the desired area of ​​the glass.

However, a "hold" with a laser beam on the surface is not enough. Exposure to laser leads to the formation of hillocks and no depressions. These hillocks not smooth enough and wide, but the effect of alkali at a temperature of 90 ° C makes the bumps in the smooth holes have a smaller width. If such a two-step structuring achieved resolution below 100 nanometers (nm), then a one-step, when the surface is treated with only a laser, not accuracy is obtained below 150-200 nm, depending on the complexity of the structures.

As a result, the whole technology of drawing is as follows. Initially the glass surface is irradiated with a femtosecond laser. The laser pulse is focused by means of glass bead, which is guided by an optical "trap", beforehand in a predetermined area of ​​the glass. On a surface of glass formed broad lumps which are then, after surface treatment with an alkaline solution, converted to smaller pits and more streamlined shapes.

In addition to direct structuring technology, the dependence of the resolution was investigated, ie. e. the size of craters on the laser power. The results show that, for greater accuracy more effective to use a small sphere, whereby resolution can reach below 100 nm.

The minimum width of the crater thus obtained was 70 nm.

For the practical application of this method in addition to the high resolution, you must also take into account the complexity of applying the full machining structures. It is shown that can be applied fairly complex structures using the described technique. For this purpose, the glass surface was coated abbreviation Institute of Chemical Physics - ICP (Eng .: Institute of Chemical Physics).

"Creating a thin grooves and channels can be used in the production of" microfluidics "and various" nanozavodov ", which are used in chemistry and biology," - says co-author, graduate student of the Faculty of General and Applied Physics MIPT, Alexander Shakhov.

In the development of small accurate sensors working with liquid - "channels" is applied to a liquid by such techniques. The paper also proposed a fast enough and cheap mechanism for nanostructuring. This approach may in particular allow a rapid and uncomplicated technologically create cheap instruments and sensors by applying a complex pattern of thin grooves and channels through which hydraulic fluid will flow.

Currently photonics in Russia involved about 850 companies. Most of them are concentrated in the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk and the Volga region. One of the largest manufacturers in this field is KRET.

Today KRET and the Foundation for Advanced Studies (FPI), together create the element base radiofotoniki for radio astronomy, radar and other areas. The corresponding agreement was signed by the company in early 2015. The project "Development of an active phased array based radiofotoniki" includes research on the basis of the concern and the development of universal technology, which will be the basis for radar and electronic warfare systems of the new generation.