Russian Civil Aviation: News #4

Yak-40 with electric engine

A superconductive electric engine

First one to be tested on a plane in the world, at least according to some sources

flamming_python wrote:A superconductive electric engine

First one to be tested on a plane in the world, at least according to some sources

Those cables in from the truck don't look all that heavy gauge.

JohninMK wrote:

flamming_python wrote:A superconductive electric engine

First one to be tested on a plane in the world, at least according to some sources

Those cables in from the truck don't look all that heavy gauge.

Why would they?

The superconducting materials make up the windings of the coils of the motor (or some sort of ceramic-based equivalent), through which the electricity flows whose electrical field interacts with the magnetic field of powered magnets in the motor, to generate the electromotive force that gets the rotor rotating

The cables from the truck providing the power (even if we assume that's what's it's doing) are much thicker than motor windings in any case, and given that the resistance of a round material falls off, at the very least, proportionally with the circumference of its cross-section (in the worst-case scenario of AC power rather than DC); they won't be any sort of bottleneck even when paired with superconducting windings

Does Russia have a chance to introduce MS 21 to Western markets? Rather, the West will not allow this to happen.

Arrow wrote:Does Russia have a chance to introduce MS 21 to Western markets?  Rather, the West will not allow this to happen.

You already know the answer to your own question.

https://rostec.ru/news/dvigatel-pd-14-poluchil-sertifikat-ikao/

PD-14 engine received ICAO certificate

The design bureau of JSC UEC-Aviadvigatel, which is part of the United Engine Corporation of the State Corporation Rostec, received an addition to the type certificate of the PD-14 engine of the 2020 model. The promising engine, which was developed and manufactured by UEC, fully meets the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Association (ICAO) on emissions of harmful substances.

The PD-14 engine was first certified by the Federal Air Transport Agency in 2018 and at that time complied with ICAO standards. In January 2020, a new international standard came into effect, in which the smoke and non-volatile particle emission standards were changed, which required additional certification.

Measurement of PD-14 emissions was carried out with the assistance of specialists from the Higher School of Applied Sciences Zurich, Switzerland (ZHAW). The joint work showed that the Russian engine complies with the ICAO Annex 16 Volume II requirements. This is confirmed by the certificate of conformity issued by the Swiss Federal Civil Aviation Office (FOCA).

The PD-14 aircraft engine has a reserve in terms of mass concentration of non-volatile particles and is ready for future changes in standards. So, from January 1, 2023, new, more stringent emission standards for non-volatile particles will come into force. According to them, PD-14 has a reserve of 85%.

JSC "UEC-Aviadvigatel" was the first in Russia to obtain the experience of certification of the PD-14 engine for compliance with new and promising ICAO standards for the emission of non-volatile particles. The management of the United Engine Corporation is considering an initiative to create a competence center for measuring aircraft engine emissions on the basis of UEC-Aviadvigatel.

“The addition to the type certificate of the PD-14 engine is an important stage for the development of the entire Russian aviation industry,” said Yury Shmotin, Deputy General Director - General Designer of UEC. - Aircraft MS-21-310 with PD-14 engines will be able to perform international flights. The second important point is that Russia will now be able to supply aircraft with engines manufactured by the UEC to the international market. "

Hole wrote:


Yak-40 with electric engine

Evaluate the noise level!

So it has conservative superconductors that require the use of liquid nitrogen at 77 K. Also, an Il-114 version will be built
in two years that should be able to fly without any standard propulsion back up.

We knew this was coming:

Emergency landing of the An-124 in Tolmachevo revealed a manufacturing defect in the d-18T engine

On November 13, 2020, while taking off from Novosibirsk, an An-124 aircraft of Volga-Dnepr airlines made an emergency landing and rolled out of the runway. During the climb, the aircraft had a partial destruction of one of the engines, which led to damage to the fuselage, and to the failure of internal and external communications, as well as all electronic systems, including the piloting system. The 14 crew members on Board were not injured.

According to the head of the Federal air transport Agency Alexander Neradko, this incident made it possible to identify a manufacturing defect in the D-18T engine.

"During takeoff, there was a non-localized destruction of the engine. Moreover, during the flight of fragments of the compressor disk, many aircraft systems were damaged, and the crew was left without instrument indicators, speed indicators,and engine speed. The plane had just taken off, it was fully loaded, flying to Vienna. The take-off weight was 325 tons. And in this situation, the crew made a safe approach, unique on such a loaded plane, and landed at the Novosibirsk airport, at the departure airport, " the head of the Federal air transport Agency said on the Rossiya 24 TV channel.

After that, the Federal air transport Agency, with the participation of the aviation register of the Russian Federation and research organizations, conducted a study of the causes of the destruction of the compressor disk.

"This is the first case in the entire history of operation of Ruslan aircraft, and a manufacturing defect was found. This manufacturing defect was not detected because there were no previous methods for determining this manufacturing defect. Together with scientific organizations, we have developed flaw detection methods using non-destructive testing and magnetic vortex testing. We conducted a survey of all engines that are operated by Volga-Dnepr airlines, and on 27 engines out of 53 we found initial signs of destruction that led to such a serious event," Neradko said.

He noted that the crew performed well in this situation and is worthy of state awards. "And we will prepare such a presentation," the head of the Federal air transport Agency added.

The Volga-Dnepr transport company suspended an-124 Flights after the emergency in Novosibirsk. At the end of 2020, the carrier announced that it was resuming commercial operation of Ruslanov . The company clarified that the defect has been eliminated in the aircraft that are currently in operation, while the rest of the work is still ongoing.

On February 9, at the Ulyanovsk Institute of civil aviation, the Governor of the Ulyanovsk region Sergey Morozov awarded An-124 pilots for their professionalism.

"The pilots of Ruslan can be called heroes, because they coped with a very difficult task and were able to prevent the tragedy. Today I awarded the crew of the An-124 aircraft for high professionalism, " the head of the region noted on his Facebook page. Facebook.

https://aviation21.ru/avarijnaya-posadka-an-124-v-tolmachyovo-pozvolila-vyyavit-proizvodstvennyj-defekt-u-dvigatelya-d-18t/

So half of the 53 engines tested were showing signs of this failure mode. That is rather serious and would require half of the An-124 in service
to be grounded.

The first one went. In series

Rostec State Corporation received permission for serial production of PD-14, the first turbofan engine created in post-Soviet Russia.

PD-14 is the first Russian turbofan engine created in the last thirty years. Will the hope of the Russian aviation industry - the MS-21 medium-range liner - be able to take its place in the world airspace with its help? It is quite possible: in pursuit of the first news follows the second - that PD-14 has finally received the long-awaited certificate of the International Civil Aviation Organization at the UN (ICAO, from the English ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization) of the model of 2020. This means the engine can be operated on international aircraft.

Some experts, not without reason, believe that the PD-14 is a real historical breakthrough for the domestic engine building. This was clearly demonstrated on December 15, when the MC-21 with new engines made its first flight.

More skeptical analysts warn: although the engine is not inferior in theory to foreign counterparts, practice shows that it will still have to be worked on for a year or two. Most likely, both are right - such a situation, in general, is quite common for the sphere of promising developments in the field of aircraft construction.

"Good" for serial production

So, the received certificate of approval of the production organization entitles the UEC-Perm Motors enterprise of the United Engine Corporation (UEC) to serial production of the latest PD-14 aircraft propulsion engines and supply them to customers for installation on MS-21 serial aircraft.

According to the press service of the UEC, the certification took place in two stages. In the course of the first, the commission, which included representatives of the Federal Air Transport Agency and the Aviation Register of the Russian Federation, analyzed the quality management system (QMS) for compliance with the requirements of the Federal Aviation Regulations. At the second stage, the experts were able to assess the technological processes of manufacturing, assembly and testing of engines.

In addition, as part of the certification of production, qualification tests of one of the new PD-14 engines took place, during which its compliance with the technical characteristics stated in the design documentation was confirmed.

“In 2021, it is planned to produce several new PD-14s, which will be used as a reserve during flight tests of the new MC-21-310 aircraft,” said Anatoly Serdyukov, industrial director of the Rostec aviation cluster.

Withstood the test in the West

The PD-14 engine was first certified by the Federal Air Transport Agency in 2018 and at that time was in accordance with ICAO standards. But at the beginning of last year, a new international standard came into effect with modified smoke and non-volatile particle emission standards. This required additional certification.

Measurement of PD-14 emissions was carried out with the involvement of specialists from ZHAW (Higher School of Applied Sciences in Zurich, Switzerland). Their mobile system for measuring emissions of aircraft engines SMARTEMIS has confirmed that the Russian unit meets the requirements of Volume II of Annex 16 of ICAO, and the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) has issued a certificate of conformity to the manufacturer, the UEC press service informs.

“The supplement to the Type Certificate of the PD-14 engine is an important stage in the development of the entire Russian aviation industry,” emphasized UEC General Designer Yuri Shmotin. “Now MS-21-310 aircraft with PD-14 engines will be able to operate international flights.” He also added that obtaining the certificate opens up the opportunity for Russia to supply aircraft with domestic engines to the international market.

The biggest victory

Yuri Sytnik, honored pilot of Russia, member of the Commission under the President of the Russian Federation on the development of general aviation, called obtaining permission for serial production of PD-14 the biggest victory of the domestic engine building over the past thirty.

“Finally, it happened,” he said in an interview with Expert Online. - PD-14 - the head model, a new engine platform, in all respects corresponding to foreign counterparts - Rolls-Royce, Pratt & Whitney and others. Until now, our country has made good engines only for military equipment - airplanes and helicopters. And PD-14 is a completely new series of engines, which can be spinned by 14 tons, 16 tons, and 35 tons. This allows us to stand on a par with the leading foreign manufacturers of aircraft engines".

Sytnik is convinced that in five years Russia will take its place among the leaders of aviation engine building. For this, he admitted, it is necessary to remove the "childhood diseases" of new products. “Something will flow, something will not work well. Therefore, you need to quickly - in a year and a half - to cure these sores. "

The strongest side of the new engine is its "hot part", Sytnik explains. It ensures complete combustion of fuel, low noise and minimum emission of non-volatile particles (unburned fuel). In addition, PD-14 has very good temperature characteristics in front of the turbine and behind the turbine. And - what is very important - it is highly economical.

The new engine owes all this to the use of the most modern technologies and materials. “There are no such materials in the US, China or the EU yet,” Sytnik says. - And they came to civil aircraft construction with engines developed for the latest Russian fighters - Su-57, Su-35. "

In Russia, there are no direct competitors to the PD-14 engine today either, believes Pavel Gribov, an expert at the Department of Economic Security of the Faculty of National Security of the Institute of Law and National Security of the RANEPA. Now the main world competitor of PD-14 is, according to him, the American PW-1000G engine manufactured by Pratt & Whitney. It is considered the best in its class in terms of economy, noise levels and emissions.

"Pass" with a margin

Around the world today, aircraft engine developers are concerned about several factors that strongly influence demand. This is an economic effect, reliability and maintainability, physical indicators, as well as environmental friendliness - new standards for air emissions and noise are constantly being introduced into ICAO standards. For all these indicators, the PD-14 “passes” with a margin, and especially the experts focus on the fact that the declared resource of the “newcomer” of 40 thousand flight cycles is a large margin of safety.

According to the expert of the aviation industry, associate professor of the PRUE. GV Plekhanov Alexander Timofeeva, the engine is inferior to foreign competitors only in specific fuel consumption and great weight. As for the rest, the PD-14 is superior, he believes, and notes that the share of foreign components in the PD-14 is only about 4%.

The expert recalls that the PS-90A, released in the late 1980s in the USSR, was a development similar to the PD-14. Now we are mastering the production of the modified PS-90A-3, the thrust of which is higher than that of the PD-14.
“Perhaps it is also worth paying attention to, so that the modified version would serve as a domestic rival to the PD-14,” Timofeev points out.

As for the cons of the new engine, experts explain its main problems with the novelty of the product. Due to the tight timing of the testing process, there may still be insufficient data on the reliability of PD-14 from the point of view of the so-called “MTBF” - the duration of failure-free operation. There are also complaints from future operators who have to service the engine: from their point of view, this unit has an insufficiently successful layout.

Be that as it may, today it seems that there is no alternative to our aviation industry, says RUDN expert Yuri Lebedev. Those engines that are offered for the MC-21 aircraft by foreign companies may come under sanctions at any time, and then the operation of aircraft equipped with these engines will be very seriously limited. In addition, sanctions bans on the supply of imported spare parts can also lead to significant downtime for Russian enterprises and bring them serious losses.

All this, along with really outstanding technical and operational characteristics, opens up very serious prospects for the first Russian turbofan engine PD-14.

https://expert.ru/2021/02/10/pervij-poshel-v-seriyu/

Russia is being too passive with regard to sanctions on the aviation industry. Any more sanctions on Russia's aviation industry should be met with instant counter sanctions on Boeings titanium imports from Russia.

They talked about it in 2018. But they haven't made good on it or even mentioned it again.

https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/russia-takes-aim-at-boeing-titanium-u-s-workers-in-sanctions-plan/

Or they should bring civil air space into it. Russia could threaten to shut down or tax its air space. Ban US carriers. Ban German or EU carriers if they sanction the MS-21

I agree. But it would be better to start punitive fees for overflights. Boeing could find another titanium supplier even if it will
experience some transition pain. Leveraging Russia's geography will never get old.

Wow, I had no idea Anchorage airport got shafted so hard, ooofff

Also, that overflight agreement was made in like 50s or something so it's no wonder Russia isn't​ signatory, it was Cold War throttle up

Who knew it would have such profitable outcome

GarryB wrote:
That video also highlights why Russia is working on the North Sea Route for shipping and also train networks between Asia and Europe... there is money to be made in controlling that trade access.

Money and power as first the Brits then the US got through effectively controlling the Far East maritime trade routes. The US really doesn't want those northern passages open or the Chinese protecting their shipping round into the Indian Ocean..

Kiko wrote:

I keep wondering....didn't the test prototype engine have a serrated nacelle? What happened to that?

Daniel_Admassu wrote:

Kiko wrote:

I keep wondering....didn't the test prototype engine have a serrated nacelle? What happened to that?

True, the mock up that was shown in 2012 includes this feature

GarryB wrote:

So half of the 53 engines tested were showing signs of this failure mode. That is rather serious and would require half of the An-124 in service
to be grounded.

orcs.

Or they should bring civil air space into it. Russia could threaten to shut down or tax its air space. Ban US carriers. Ban German or EU carriers if they sanction the MS-21

I appreciate what you are saying but Russia makes good money selling Titanium to Boeing and for the overflights.... perhaps rather than ban or cut, they should add a tariff to cover the expenses incurred due to western sanctions in other areas... just enough to make the alternative not a good choice, but enough to earn good money that can go towards subsidizing counters and alternatives for the other sanctions.

Of course Russia makes good money selling titanium to Boeing. Everyone says that the US will just find a new supplier. It's not that simple. Russia is the Saudi Arabia of titanium and all these metals. If Russia actually made the threat , the industrialists in the US would probably pressure the US govt to stop.

Russia wants to sell airplanes. It cannot afford to keep absorbing sanctions. The world economy is all connected. Russia has more power than its letting on.

And yes. A tax or surcharge on over flights specifically because of MS-21 sanctions is how they should approach it. They could even just surcharge Boeing airplanes. Russia's aviation industry cannot afford any more sanctions. It's a difficult enough industry without sanctions

More at link, good stuff

The Future of Sino-Russian Commercial Aviation

"Typically for the USA, it assumed until recently that the Chinese civil aviation market was its own for the asking" for a total of $350 billion over 20 years.

Those Pesky Sino-Russians

Mark Chapman 1 day ago 862 3

What Russia has learned from having sanctions leveled against it, and rolled over every six months like clockwork, is that it cannot depend on the west for any kind of commercial relationship. Europe continues to buy gas from Russia, and the USA stands on the sidelines and wrings its hands with anxiety but does not quite dare to forbid Europe’s purchase of Russian gas, because no other supplier has both the capacity and the infrastructure. But every other commercial commodity is carefully parsed for the degree to which Russia is dependent upon it, weighed against how much Europe would lose if it stopped selling it. Pretty much every time Europe has lost, as Uncle Sam squeezes it to cut off trade with Russia.

The lesson, then, is that (a) Europe is spineless as a squid, and incapable of resisting American pressure, and (b) the USA is determined to push Russia off the map altogether, and will never relent so long as it has the power to continue trying. These two elements convince Russia that no agreement with the west is worth committing to paper, and that whatever Russia wants, it must make for itself or trade with alternative markets to purchase.

It has long been a pet theory of mine that Russia – and its growing partner in adversity, China – are well-placed to strike a significant commercial blow against the west in a field the west has become accustomed to dominating: civil aviation. And it is my belief that the partners could do so by the simple expedient of designing, producing and buying their own commercial aircraft.

https://anti-empire.com/the-future-of-sino-russian-commercial-aviation/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Daily+Headlines

PhSt wrote:

Daniel_Admassu wrote:

Kiko wrote:img

I keep wondering....didn't the test prototype engine have a serrated nacelle? What happened to that?

True, the mock up that was shown in 2012 includes this feature

That is non-functional eye candy. If they were worried about drag around the engine shell then they would put dimples in it
or something to disrupt the formation of a laminar boundary layer and create a turbulent one instead.