Roscosmos Planetary Exploration Missions

It might not be a Russian mission, but its well worth celebrating!!!

First images from the Chinese Zhurong lander on Mars



Finally, images from the surface of Mars that were not taken from a US spacecraft

I'm not criticising NASA who i think do a superlative job, but this event can't fail to knock a little wind out of the sails of murican Chinaphobes....

Well, there is Soviet Mars 3 that had taken pictures in 1971. Grainy though.

miketheterrible wrote:Well, there is Soviet Mars 3 that had taken pictures in 1971. Grainy though.

It returned a partial picture only, no details visible, and the transmission was cut after ~20 secs, probably as the Mars-3 orbiter dropped below the landers local horizon so the relay to Earth was lost. The orbiter had suffered a fuel leak in the cruise and lacked the deltaV to enter the planned 24hr orbit, and ended up shooting past the planet into a looping 14 day orbit. As its speed was higher than expected it swept past Mars much earlier than planned so the inital science upload was lost, and by the time it returned over the landing site the landers batteries were long dead...

The Mars-3 was equipped with a mechanical scan panorama camera, and it only returned ~70 lines before the comms loss.  Light levels were also low due to a raging duststorm...

So near yet so far....       but still an impressive achievement given that it was only a little over 14 years after the launch of Sputnik.  Its a pity that the follow up armada of Mars 4-7 largely failed due to faulty control chips, because after the Viking landings the Soviets were never going to persevere with the M71/M73 spacecraft series, and now we'll never what kind of images these old landers might have returned.

My favorite is the images from Venera 9. Those were relatively clear and really a big deal considering the venusian atmospheric and surface conditions.

However expensive manned missions are, no probe can replace human presence in any exploration. I agree that current chemical rocket tech is what is holding everything back. Let's just hope that the nuclear tug project will give not just Russia but humanity the edge again. Any official timeframe?

Daniel_Admassu wrote:My favorite is the images from Venera 9. Those were relatively clear and really a big deal considering the venusian atmospheric and surface conditions.

However expensive manned missions are, no probe can replace human presence in any exploration. I agree that current chemical rocket tech is what is holding everything back. Let's just hope that the nuclear tug project will give not just Russia but humanity the edge again. Any official timeframe?

The Venera 9 image was the first image taken from the surface of another planet. It is a deeply historical picture, but given that was by the Soviets, the tendancy in the West has been to ignore the achivement.

Modern digital processing really brings out images that the original releases (photos of hardcopy prints) just didn't convey. Too bad that the 2nd camera didn't return an image (due to the lens cap not coming off when commanded)



Venus is however one of those places where humans will never step (at least if they want to avoid a very unpleasent demise). Io is another, but for different reasons.

Good pics. I have also came across a colorized one. I am not sure which expedition it was from. Probably Venera 14,


A camera lens cap also blocked a soil drill in one probe. What is it with Soviet Venus missions and camera caps?

I hate to say this, but that image is a photshop comprised of bits of the Venera 13 footage and filled out with created content.  The author (Don P Mitchell) made it as an example of what the terrain would generally look like.

The ones below are the best versions I've seen of projecting the imagery (V14 in this case) as true panoramas.  These 3 guys are truly wizards when it comes to processing of spacecraft imagery!

The atmosphere is thick enough to let a habitat float with a reasonable size balloon. When the Soviets first sent the first probe, it was equipped with a small parachute they estimated was required. From the subsequent altimeter, barometric and timing data, they would later discover that the Venusian atmosphere was much thicker than they thought and they didn't need a parachute at all. The next probes, with all their armored pressure hulls, just floated down without any added drag.

A human habitat may be able to float at a desired altitude. The challenges are the corrosive gases and electrical storms in the atmosphere. Not really worth tackling for human settlement purposes but I guess doable for a science outpost.

The russian venera probes were incredible feats. The atmosphere is so thick it is supercritical and is more like a fluid.

The extremophile bacteria that live in vents and deeper in the crust do not survive where the temperatures are higher than 130 C.
Sub 100 C temperatures are preferred by these bacteria. Ocean volcanic vents have temperatures from 60 C to 400 C, but the latter
are not colonized with bacteria.

https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/deep-sea/microbes-keep-hydrothermal-vents-pumping

The surface temperature on Venus is over 425 Celsius. The pressure is about 93 atmospheres but that is equivalent to 900 meters
under the ocean surface so not an issue. The problem with Venus is that it has lost most of its water to space. At some stage
it bifurcated into a perpetual hot house regime instead of sequestering CO2 as carbonate rock. Before the epoch of O2 generating
organisms, there would have been lots of reduced calcium ions in the ocean water which would react with cabonic acid to for CaCO3
which is not very soluble and precipitates. Of course, things had to cool down enough for oceans to form. On Venus this did not
happen.

Venus may have a similar size to Earth, but it more than likely has a different chemical composition since the dust in the primordial
solar system disk differentiates in properties depending on its distance from the Sun. It is possible that Venus did not have enough
initial H2O to form oceans. The faint young Sun meant that Venus had 30% less solar heating during the critical early stage, so
its orbit (0.7 AU) is not the cause of its hot house regime.

why not a new Venera mission?

George1 wrote:why not a new Venera mission?

There was some discussion of designing a lander that would survive 24 hours. It would use high temperature electronics (e.g. silicon nitride based)
and active cooling. But no concrete program was established. I think it would be a good idea to focus on Venus instead of Mars. The technology
benefits of aiming at Venus are higher in my opinion.

George1 wrote:why not a new Venera mission?

Venera-D is still alive. No longer a prospective joint US-Russia misison ( as if that was ever going to happen...) Roskosmos is looking to go it alone and has kicked off a contract for design proposal.

Roskosmos has allocated more than 318 million rubles for the development of a technical proposal for the Venera-D project

The work will be carried out on the basis of the draft roadmap for the start of work on the Venus exploration program, approved by the Russian Academy of Sciences and Roscosmos. The work is expected to be completed by February 28, 2023.

By this time, the feasibility of the mission and possible design solutions should be justified, ensuring the study of the atmosphere, surface, internal structure and surrounding plasma of Venus at the modern level, a study of the possibility of returning to Earth samples of soil, atmosphere and aerosols of Venus, and a technical project tasks for the space complex for the study of Venus "Venus-D".

"The composition of the Venera-D space complex should be determined at the stage of the technical proposal, based on the use of existing and developed in Russia ILV [space rocket] of the heavy class (PH [launch vehicle] Angara-A5" with RB [upper stage ] DM-03) ", - says the terms of reference. It is specified that the launch of the spacecraft should be carried out in 2029.

source

Zaks website has some details, but he reverts to his usual sky-is-falling political nonsense in shitcanning Russian space while pretending to be an objective space journalist.  I'll just post the graphic from his site and omit the Atlantacist hate-puke.

Good to know that there still is a program for Venus. But all these timetables make me cringe my teeth. 2023 for the completion of a feasibility study of something conceived a while back? There are times I agree with Vann7. Roscosmos is seriously underfunded.

Come on guys, Russia isn't that poor. What is holding other 'middle of the table' nations such as UAE isn't this kind of money but lack of infrastructural capacity and the pool of expertise, which Russia already has. In this age of open markets it won't be long when they will buy the human resources they need, at least to start with, while they build their spaceports and train their kids. Roscosmos will then find itself among a whole new competition, not China and the US. Russia needs to up its game.

Clearly space "exploration" consists of national vanity projects. Russia does not need to engage in this rubbish.

Well exploration, experimentation or theoretical analysis are all subsets of science. And science is justified for its own sake. Usually applications arise based on it. But that is not why men do science. You look at scientific results and come up with applied technology. Not the other way around.

And science usually benefits from what you call 'vanity' projects. Nations spend money to prop-up their international standing. It might not be with a benevolent intent sometimes but rather for political purposes. Nonetheless science benefits.

You can, for instance, take the military applications of space 'exploration'. The persistent quest to improve launch propulsion efficiency may one day lead to dramatic improvement in rocket technology. Or a constant effort by your civilian engineers to improve radio telescopes may one day result in a radar aperture that is usable from geostationary orbits, keeping constant watch over any territory or being able to guide even small ordnance with pinpoint accuracy. Or small nano bots you design to replicate and build a shelter on Mars can be a huge breakthrough for medicine here on earth.

The point is a challenging endeavor such as space affords science an opportunity in ingenuity like no other. If you have the infrastructure and skilled manpower, you are essentially out of excuse to back down on exploration.

kvs wrote:Clearly space "exploration" consists of national vanity projects. Russia does not need to engage in this rubbish.

Had they been able to actually get something done you'd be singing a different tune

Daniel_Admassu wrote:Good to know that there still is a program for Venus. But all these timetables make me cringe my teeth. 2023 for the completion of a feasibility study of something conceived a while back? There are times I agree with Vann7. Roscosmos is seriously underfunded.

With Venera-D no longer a joint US/Russia mission, Roskosmos will be forced to go it alone and will be denied Western components. Import substitution and domestic replacments for unobtainable equipment will add time and cost, and Roskosmos must develop a plan for the necessary R&D and manufacturing startups.

Why do you think there have been so much delay in the past to Russian space science projects? Its not that Russians are incompetent or have no money (though I would certainly agree that the feds have been stingy when comes to funding). Supply chain issues are IMHO the dominant factor. Soviet-era solutions are unavailable after the collapse of the old supply chains (and are essentialy obsolete in any case) and imported solutions represent unacceptable vulnerability that ruthless bastards in the US & EU have leveraged against numerous times to sabotage Russian science missions.

Russia is a nation that faces an ongoing multi-pronged attack by foreign nations that seek to roll-back her attempts at asserting her independence and soveignty. Russia has many vital things that require funding, and to be frank, space science comes pretty low on the list. Russian space budget needs to go to practical infrastructural developement that gives real world capabilities - launchers, cosmodromes, new generation manned vehicles, ISS replacement station, nuclear propulsion. The available space science budget comprises the Spektr-series observatories and the Luna explorers, as well as co-operative misisons like Exo-Mars. Venera-D is a worthy addition, but its clear the gov won't sacrifice other ventures to fast-track a 21st century repeat of Soviet-era achievements.

Russia does not need to dance to the tune of its critics. Trying to foist some vanity projects on Russia as an imbecilic requirement to
prove its worth is assuming that Russians are total morons. A common problem on the part of Russia's enemies who never learn from
history.

kvs wrote:Russia does not need to dance to the tune of its critics.   Trying to foist some vanity projects on Russia as an imbecilic requirement to
prove its worth is assuming that Russians are total morons.    A common problem on the part of Russia's enemies who never learn from
history.

It's a waste of money

Luna-25 lunar mission to be Russia’s major 2022 scientific event — top scientist

The Luna-25 is a space research lander module whose launch is scheduled for July 2022 from the Vostochny spaceport in the Russian Far East

MOSCOW, January 10. /TASS/. The launch of the Luna-25 probe and its planned landing on the Moon’s southern pole will be Russia’s key 2022 scientific event, President of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander Sergeyev told TASS on Monday.

"The launch of the Luna-25 probe is the main Russian scientific event of 2022 and our return to the Earth’s natural satellite since the 1970s. The most suitable position for the flight will be in the summer of 2022. I am confident that this will take place and I am confident that we will fly to the Moon and land softly and safely in the area of the southern pole, which will be the world’s first landing on that territory," Sergeyev said.

"In our estimates, the area there is the most conducive territory for the presence of water. Water is principally important for the Moon’s exploration because there will be no big problems with energy in future lunar settlements while it will be necessary to obtain oxygen," he said.

The Luna-25 is a space research lander module whose launch is scheduled for July 2022 from the Vostochny spaceport in the Russian Far East. The module is expected to touch down the Moon’s surface on the territory of the Boguslawsky crater in the area of its southern pole. The Luna-25 module will have nine scientific devices installed on its board to enable Russian scientists to study the properties of the Moon’s oldest rock in detail.

https://tass.com/science/1385499

Vladimir Solovyov, General Designer of RSC Energia, presenting slide on the upcoming Luna missions.