Russian Economy General News: #13

@lancelot
Low demand my foot. There is no alternative supply right now or in immediate future, if Europe is getting oil from the Middle East, then the clients of that oil are in shortfall and must buy it from someone else. For example India is getting Russian Urals oil. And China does import some Urals, it is just that traditionally the transportation costs make it more expensive than Middle Eastern or ESPO oil. So they did not use to buy that much Urals. A pipeline would solve that. What seems like slackening demand is not due to low client demand, it is due to lack of oil transport capacity of Urals to Asian markets.


Paragraph you quoted talks about petroleum products and not oil. Russia, along with Belarus, was exporting huge amounts of diesel, unleaded gasoline and other products. As this was a refined product, with higher added value, margins were much better. We are talking about almost 3 million barrels a day.
For example, Belarus was financing their budget shortfall for years, by arbitrating imports of cheap oil from Russia, refining them and exporting to EU as finished products.

The analyst spoke about the prospects of the digital ruble, 01.09.2023.

Analyst Bykov: those who install special software will be able to use the digital ruble.

Those who install special software (software) by analogy with similar applications will be able to use the digital ruble (pay for services, transfer or accept transactions), Anton Bykov, a senior analyst at Esperio, told Izvestia on January 9.

He called a feature that the developer is the Central Bank. This results in a higher level of control over end users.

“Somehow, people’s lives should not change significantly, since the digital ruble will have to be integrated with banks for ease of use, and then appear on the main marketplaces and gradually reach retail,” the expert specified.

According to him, a similar situation is developing with digital currency in China.

“As for improvements in terms of commissions for transfers and their speed, the country has already created a convenient SBP (fast payment system. - Ed.), Which allows you to instantly and free of charge interact with the ruble - it is unlikely to be interrupted,” he believes Bykov.

At the same time, in his opinion, the launch of the digital ruble does not affect the state of affairs in the regulation of decentralized cryptocurrency.

“The only risk of the coexistence of the two instruments in the country is the possible mimicry of fraudulent analogues of the ruble under the official one. <...> The only way to protect citizens is to conduct a competent information campaign and direct them towards honest intermediaries, ”concluded the analyst.

On December 29 last year, a draft law on the issuance and rules for the use of the digital ruble was submitted to the State Duma.

On the same day, Anatoly Aksakov, chairman of the State Duma committee on the financial market, said in an interview with Izvestia that deputies expect the digital ruble to be legalized in the first quarter of 2023 . According to him, in the future, national digital currencies can also be used for settlements between countries.

Earlier, on October 3, Denis Domashchenko, head of the laboratory for the study of the monetary system and analysis of financial markets at the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, told Izvestia that the digital ruble could ensure the secrecy of transactions with Russian counterparties.

https://iz.ru/1452175/2023-01-09/analitik-rasskazal-o-perspektivakh-tcifrovogo-rublia

The Russian government presented a surprise with a budget deficit

The government at the first meeting in 2023 gave a surprise. The budget deficit turned out to be higher than all expectations: expenditures exceeded revenues by 3.3 trillion rubles, or 2.3% of GDP. The head of the Cabinet of Ministers, Mikhail Mishustin, said that additional funds were spent on solving large-scale tasks, and the head of the Ministry of Finance, Anton Siluanov, spoke about the support of people, clarifying the fate of 1.7 out of 6 trillion rubles.

At the first meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers in 2023, the government summed up the results of the implementation of the federal budget for the past year. The solution of large-scale tasks, according to Mikhail Mishustin, required serious expenses. They exceeded 31 trillion rubles, while revenues amounted to almost 28 trillion. The size of the deficit was specified separately by Finance Minister Anton Siluanov: expenditures were higher than revenues by 3.35 trillion rubles, or 2.3% of GDP. It is unlikely that the announced figures shocked the officials themselves, but for many experts they turned out to be quite unexpected - after all, no later than at the end of December, the Ministry of Finance announced a deficit of 2.9 trillion rubles. (2% of GDP), and in September expected to stay within 1.3 trillion rubles. (Recall that in May last year there was a surplus of 1.5 trillion rubles in the budget, but the continuation of the CBO quickly ate up both this money and additional oil and gas revenues.)

However, Anton Siluanov found how to sweeten the pill. If we take into account the funds that were compensated to state off-budget funds for deferrals on insurance premiums, and subtract them from the amount of expenses, then the trousers will turn into elegant shorts with a deft movement of the hand and the budget deficit will be less than 2%. "As we planned!" the minister summed up triumphantly.

Siluanov said that compared to the original plans, spending was increased by more than 6 trillion rubles, and this money "was primarily aimed at supporting people." In particular, unscheduled indexation of pensions of non-working pensioners, an increase in the subsistence minimum and the minimum wage cost the state 500 billion rubles. Financing a new payment for children from 8 to 16 years old - 400 billion rubles. Business support - 770 billion rubles. Where the remaining 4-plus trillion rubles went, the finance minister did not specify. However, the relevant conclusions can be drawn by looking at the 2023 budget: the government had to increase defense spending from the initial 3.5 trillion rubles. to almost 5 trillion rubles, and for security and law enforcement - from 3 trillion to 4.4 trillion rubles. Obviously, similar trends were observed in budget policy in 2022 as well,

Mikhail Mishustin rated the figures voiced by Siluanov as "not bad". “Significant efforts have been made to ensure macroeconomic stability. And of course, such work should be continued this year in order to fulfill the planned budget obligations,” he said. The efforts that the prime minister mentioned include, among other things, the search for sources of financing to close the deficit. In 2022, the hole was patched at the expense of the NWF (recall that the State Duma allowed the Cabinet of Ministers to independently climb into the "box"), state borrowings (the Ministry of Finance carried out record placements on the market) and a one-time increase in the mineral extraction tax from Gazprom.

This year, the budget deficit is also projected at a level of at least 2% of GDP, and the sources of its financing remain the same. True, unlike last January, when oil flowed abroad like water, and its price fluctuated around $90 per barrel, the new year began with bad news. Export volumes fell sharply due to the imposed restrictions, and the price of Urals fell to $37 per barrel. Such rates not only do not allow replenishing the National Welfare Fund, but also jeopardize budget revenues, based on the assumption that oil will cost at least $70.

In early December, there were 11.4 trillion rubles in the "box". (moreover, only about 8 trillion of them are real money lying on accounts with the Central Bank). How long these funds will last if oil prices do not begin to rise in the near future is a rhetorical question, which the government prefers not to even think about. However, the search for additional sources of income is already on the agenda: officials are looking towards coal miners, fertilizer producers and state-owned companies. The former, following the example of Gazprom, can make a one-time payment to the budget, while the latter can pay increased dividends to the state.

https://k--politika-ru.translate.goog/pravitelstvo-rossii-prepodneslo-syurpriz-s-deficitom-byudzheta/?utm_source=finobzor.ru&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en

This is kind of lame. But it was expected. Until Russia moves the oil flows to Asia the situation will not change significantly. Unfortunately the major oil importer in Asia other than China is India and it is quite far from Russia's borders. Most oil import demand comes from Western nations anyway. Which is why I think the minimum oil price counter move that the government announced it is considering makes sense.

It will be necessary to build pipelines to move Urals oil into China. And I think Russia needs to do more to try to sell either oil or oil products to other developing nations like Brazil, Thailand, South Africa, and Indonesia.

The higher than expected budget deficit is due to the massive monetary injection of resources into the newly liberated Russian territories.
This is why Elvira Sakhipzadovna has adopted an extremely cautious policy wrt to interest rates.

"We have all the resources for this”: Putin instructed the government to take measures to reduce poverty and increase incomes of citizens, by Vladimir Tsegoev and Ksenia Chemodanova for RTRussia. 01.11.2023.

President Vladimir Putin instructed the government to continue the implementation of major socio-economic projects aimed, among other things, at improving the well-being of people. The head of state called the growth of real incomes of Russians, as well as the reduction of poverty and inequality, the key priorities in this direction. To date, the proportion of the poor in the country continues to gradually decline. Experts largely attribute this to the social support measures in force in Russia. In addition, the expected slowdown in inflation should have a positive impact on the standard of living of Russians, according to the Cabinet.

The Russian authorities will continue to implement large-scale socio-economic programs and plans aimed, among other things, at improving the welfare of citizens. On Wednesday, January 11, President Vladimir Putin drew attention to this during the first meeting with the Cabinet of Ministers in 2023.

“We certainly have all the resources for this... It is necessary to build economic policy measures in such a way that they lead to an increase in real wages and incomes of people, and together with social support measures (primarily for families with children) ensure further reduction of poverty and inequality,” the head of state instructed.

According to him, work in this direction should cover all regions, including new subjects of the Russian Federation. As the Russian leader emphasized, the authorities are obliged to provide a systematic, comprehensive approach to the integration of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, as well as the Zaporozhye and Kherson regions into a single socio-economic space of the country.

“It is important to set clear guidelines for the development of new regions of Russia, understandable for citizens, so that residents know what will be built in their cities and towns, what facilities will be restored and when, how families’ incomes will increase, what assistance they will receive from the state, how children’s kindergartens, schools, universities, hospitals and polyclinics, when will enterprises open, what support will small businesses and entrepreneurs receive, how will infrastructure and transport develop,” Putin added.

It is noteworthy that even under conditions of external pressure on the Russian economy, the level of poverty in the country continues to gradually decrease . This conclusion follows from the materials of Rosstat. According to the latest estimates of the department, over the year the poverty line in the Russian Federation has grown from about 12 thousand to 13.7 thousand rubles. At the same time, the number of people with incomes below this threshold decreased from 16 million to 15.3 million, and the share of the poor decreased from 11 to 10.5%.

“The decline is really small, but it is important that in the current difficult economic situation there is such a definite positive trend. It needs to be preserved,” Vladimir Putin said earlier.

According to the president, the decline in the number of low-income Russians is largely due to measures of state support for the population. So, in 2022, a program for issuing benefits to needy families with children under 17 began to work. In addition, pensions, the minimum wage (SMIC) and the subsistence minimum (PM) were indexed twice, as a result of which the volume of many social payments increased.

And from January 1, 2023, the size of pensions, the minimum wage, the PM and a number of benefits were further increased . It is assumed that this will partially compensate citizens for the increase in consumer prices that occurred during the year and will lead to a further reduction in poverty. Svetlana Bessarab, a member of the State Duma Committee on Labor, Social Policy and Veterans Affairs, shared this opinion in an interview with RT.

“This year the positive dynamics will continue. We are developing social contracts, including those for running your own business and farming. There are also retraining programs for professions in demand, which allows maintaining and developing the labor market. For families with children, the key financial support will be the universal allowance , which has been in operation since January 1, ” Bessarab noted.

In addition to various state support measures, the growth of real incomes of citizens should be facilitated by a general slowdown in inflation in Russia. During a meeting with the president, the head of the Ministry of Economic Development, Maxim Reshetnikov, said that at the end of last year, the dynamics of consumer price growth in the country turned out to be better than originally expected. Recall that back in the spring of 2022, against the backdrop of large-scale Western sanctions, annual inflation in Russia approached 18% for the first time in 20 years, after which it began to gradually slow down. The government expected that by the end of December the figure would drop to 12.4%, but in reality the value dropped to 11.9%.

“We proceed from the fact that at the end of the first quarter (2023. - RT ) inflation will drop significantly year on year, since we have a price peak in May (2022. - RT ) will leave the base. And in the second quarter we will already see those numbers that are likely to be even lower than our target level of 4%. At least for a certain period," Reshetnikov said.

A similar forecast was previously given by the Central Bank. As Central Bank Chairman Elvira Nabiullina said, next spring inflation in Russia may temporarily drop below 4%, but by the end of 2023 it will be about 5-7% . A similar point of view in an interview with RT was expressed by Alexander Razuvaev, a member of the Supervisory Board of the Guild of Financial Analysts and Risk Managers.

“I think that in 2023 inflation will fall to about 6%. Of course, this can have a positive impact on low-income Russians, as their disposable income and ability to buy goods will increase. The poverty level in this case can reach up to 10%,” the expert concluded.

https://russian.rt.com/business/article/1096234-putin-dohody-bednost-regiony

@Navsteva
"The Russian construction sector has built more housing in the recent period than at any time in Russian history, including during the Soviet period. Overall the construction industry grew by 6% last year.
.
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What is the explanation for such a significant expansion in this segment?

There's more than one thing. Both transport and road infrastructure is being built in accelerated pace. Also, residential unit construction hit an all time high. I suspect that residential construction will slow down in next several years (aside from newly acquired regions), while infrastructure construction should pick up the pace even more.

Monetary value of residential space construction dwarfs one of industrial space production and this is what moved GDP growth YoY.

@Navsteva
"The Russian construction sector has built more housing in the recent period than at any time in Russian history, including during the Soviet period. Overall the construction industry grew by 6% last year.
.
..........................

What is the explanation for such a significant expansion in this segment?

Inertia

Construction has been increasing year on year for 4 years now

In fact in 2021 it had increased by nearly 13% compared to the year before, so 6% growth in 2022 actually heralds a deceleration of the trend

It takes a while for economic changes or downturns to be felt in the construction industry as these are projects that are planned for years and implemented over years. What will be telling would be this year's figures

What is even more important than the sole increase number, is a fact that more than 60% of the whole constructed "area" was made by private investors. It is a record peak, too.
We talk about tens of thousands of new build homes for the Russian booming middle class.

The government in Brazil has a permanent financing program, both from state and private banks. In the case of the government, it is always focused on low-income families with subsidized interest rates.
But the main objective of these programs here is to create jobs and move the economy, which really works. I thought it was a similar program there.

Even if demand for mass-housing falls, construction will in terms of sq. metres per year, I think, only continue to increase throughout this decade. Mainly for two reasons

1). The expanding middle class as ALAMO mentioned, who have higher expectations in fact than not only the old Khruschevka's and Brezhnev-era housing but than the modern apartment high-rises as well. These people want to live like the middle class does in much of Western Europe, or like in Canada - which is to say either private houses if in the suburbs of a city or beyond its limits, or if well within cities - then more spacious low-rise apartment complexes, with a lower density of people living across the same area. Construction of both types is only picking up, as is the demand for them.

2). The renovation program for Soviet-era housing. Currently it's in the form of a pilot program that only applies to Khruschevka buildings, and only in Moscow - but this is the most common housing type there still. Essentially these old Khruschevka apartment complexes are demolished, residents are relocated to temporary accommodation, and the developer builds a new apartment complex which the residents are housed in free of charge, albeit the new complex is often of larger capacity to allow the developer some extra profit for their troubles, in addition to the demolition & construction contract itself which is bankrolled by the government.
Naturally there are some problems with this scheme; namely the temporary relocation and housing of residents has been problematic, some residents have not been offered apartments at the same location but at different cheaper ones by the developer, or are given smaller living spaces, and also the tendency towards creating higher-capacity apartment complexes leads to population densities that local infrastructure was not rated for.
Nevertheless, it's expected that kinks will be worked out and that the program will expand to more cities throughout the country. We are talking about an absolutely gigantic amount of construction here. These 60s-era apartment complexes which probably house close to half the people in the country are slated for demolition and replacement with modern housing.

Baron of the Taiga
@baronitaigas
·
13 min
: Russian FOREX reserves surged by more than $14 billion in December.

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It's hard for the West to break Russia...

Gold price went up. I just wonder how much of the reserves they actually control.

Post  kvs Today at 1:51 am

I stayed at the apartment (more like condominium since it was not rental) of an acquaintance in St. Petersburg over a decade ago and it
was one of the "commie block" units from the 1980s. I would say it was rather high end even by western European standards for regular
income people. It had its own private bath and two large bedrooms. The main thing is that it was robust concrete construction and
the best ventilation system I have seen (you could not tell the apartment was owned by a smoker). So the demand for better apartment
space is not recent. I think most new units over the last couple of decades have been larger sized compared to Khruschevka standard.
I just hope they are not applying western rubbish construction standards were you can hear your neighbour breathe.

I guess what you describe is one of the industrial-grade prefabricated homes that used to be erected in the FSU and other WarPac countries.
What made a difference back then was the fact, that all of them have been designed by skilled architects and utilized the most modern urbanization concepts that existed.
Different countries had their own systems and projects, and the quality of subsystems can be different, yet the concepts themselves proved outstanding.
This type of infrastructure was made to last for 40 years, and be gradually replaced by next-generation buildings.
What is the funny part, is the fact that due to political reasons and a need to deny anything made in the "communist era" lots of ex-comm countries carried the very same & stupid moves to deprive the status of these buildings. Some serious technical studies have been made to prove how substandard those are ... and the results were hilarious.
It turned out not only that the buildings hold on their own very fine after a whole settled exploitation period, but can be safely and easily used for the next 40 years
An interesting part is that we had several different systems used here in the 60-90s, one of them being a direct Soviet origin and called "leningrad". Those were build with the Soviet standards, and with Soviet-delivered projects, concepts and whole urbanization structure. To this very day, "leningrads" proved to be much better designed than our own breed. Whole districts are much more comfortable, buildings are made with better materials, and the flats are much better designed. For example, the standard two-bedroom flat was around 55 m2, so with the increasing immobilities prices a family could afford it without much struggle.
Interestingly, the same kind of infrastructure was built in France back in the booming 70s, or Norway as they started to groom with the oil/gas money. Fast, cost-effective and easy to maintain.

Waiting for America’s Putin
@blibberbl0b
Since Putin took power:

* Average lifespan up from 64 to 73.
* Home ownership up from 58% to 93%.
* Fertility rate up from 1.25 to 1.82.
* Extreme poverty rate down from 40% to 3%.
* Debt-to-GDP down from 93% to 16%.
* Crime rate down from 28/100k to 7.

This is real leadership.

.....

It 's real or fake?

- Average lifespan sounds about right
- Call BS on home ownership; it was about 90% in the years after the USSR fell as people assumed ownership of the properties where they lived, but will have been slowly going down since with people selling their flats, a new generation being born who then had to buy their own places, etc..
- Fertility rate is BS as well. It improved compared to when Putin assumed power but it fluctuates every few years depending on which bend of the demographic death spiral Russia is going through
- Extreme poverty rate sounds about right
- Debt-to-GDP ratio; sure
- Crime rate have no idea of the figures, but it decreased massively for sure

The system operator of the unified energy network has released data for 2022
https://www.so-ups.ru/fileadmin/files/company/reports/disclosure/2023/ups_rep2022.pdf

Russian energy record revealed a military secret, by Sergey Savchuk for VZGLYAD. 01.17.2023.

Russia has set a new record for electricity generation, and that's not just good, it's great, no matter how you look at it. The system operator of the Unified Energy System (SO UES) has published an annual report on the production of electricity with reference to the regions, and if there is a decline in generation in some of them, then the overall dynamics is more than encouraging.

Let's start with the fact that power engineers have their own territorial and administrative division of the Russian Federation. Historically, when developing regional energy networks, the creators started from many factors, taking into account the population of the territories, the availability of a resource base and large consumers, the potential for organizing export flows, and much more. Therefore, today, without any reference to the physical map, our country is invisibly divided into seven separate energy systems (IPS). These are the ECO Center, the Middle Volga, the Urals , the North-West, the South, Siberia and the East.

In total, over the past, to put it mildly, very difficult year for the economy, our power engineers produced 1,106.3 terawatt-hours, which is sixteen units more than in 2021, when there was neither SVO, nor sanctions going in continuous waves, nor all kinds of ceilings prices. Note that this is the highest figure not only in the modern history of the country, but also during the period of existence of the RSFSR.

Of all the regional associations, only the Middle Volga and North-Western IPS showed a negative trend. More specifically, the first region produced 110.9 (-0.6 compared to a year earlier), and the second - 97.1 terawatt-hours (-0.4). This fall is absolutely justified for, oddly enough, geopolitical reasons. 

Moreover, in the course of the current annual adjustment, it moved to the planned section, but more on that below.
Five other energy systems showed growth, some of them even record-breaking. Literally dotted denote the numbers:

—IPS East: 44.5 TWh (+1.6 TWh)
—IPS South: 111 (+2.
—IPS Siberia: 224.7 (+7.3)
—ECO Center: 257 (+1.0)
—IPS Ural: 260.8 (+4.2)

We deliberately placed the regions not by the size of the increase in generation, but by the total volume of production, so that the scale of the increase was more obvious.

These data cause a surge of optimism for a reason. Any economist will tell you that electricity generation is an indirect universal indicator of the growth and stability of industry, that is, the real sector of the economy. Let’s remember what was initially declared and is being repeated today by the West with the introduction of the next countless package of sanctions: all these restrictions have one goal - to bring down the Russian economy, which, as they were sure on the other side, rests solely on commodity trade.

Well, further along the chain, various branches of production would be destroyed, causing the collapse of the internal financial and military systems. It was understood that the budget of Russia, deprived of oil and gas dollars, would not be able to fulfill social obligations, and the state defense order and other state programs would be disrupted in many and better in all industries. Plants and factories that do not receive money, additionally deprived of their usual supply routes and cooperation, will stop production, thereby further reducing the volume of budget injections - already in the form of taxes. If the strangulation scheme worked, the country would most likely simply cease to exist, but, fortunately,Moscow had aces in his pocket in the form of ready-made system and managerial developments.

We do not just focus on the industrial sector of the Russian economy. The public perception of internal processes is made up of millions of personal impressions of individual people who, due to natural human egocentrism, habitually try on what is happening for themselves. And for some, the news that we are discussing today may seem insignificant, because their families and colleagues do not see any significant changes. This is both true and not.

The fact is that the population in any country is a priori a minority consumer of electricity. The lion's share is eaten by factories, combines, conveyors, desalination plants and many other industrial and infrastructure facilities. Very roughly speaking, out of every hundred megawatt-hours of electricity, only ten are spent on the needs of the population, everything else goes deep into the factories through high-voltage power lines. That is why the volume of its production indirectly judges the growth or decline of domestic production. For example, even before the terrorist attack on the Crimean bridge and subsequent retaliatory strikes on the energy infrastructure of Ukrainethe Kyiv authorities announced a drop in domestic energy consumption by 20-25 percent. This happened due to their own direct ban on working with Russian customers, on whom the lion's share of Ukrainian production was tied.

At the same time, however, the production and export of electricity grew, but here we should only talk about machinations and Kiev 's indefatigable desire to make money in troubled waters.

As we mentioned above, both the growth and decline in generation are associated exclusively with geopolitical events. For example, the decline in production in the North-West IPS is caused by the refusal of Finland and the Baltic countries to buy Russian electricity, which had previously been exported there for decades.

As for the regions that came out in the plus, then everything is simple here, just remember the school course in geography and history. Generation grew in the Central, Siberian and Ural IPS, that is, along the line of the "iron belt" and industries associated with it. The second largest growth with the largest production was demonstrated by the Urals, the very one where our tank, aircraft, rocket and other plants are located.

Spoiled by the simplicity of computer games and movie plots, many began to forget that for the production of one conditional tank it is not enough to raise money and click the mouse. It is necessary to manufacture armor plates, guns, optics, turbines, rubber, thousands of kilometers of low-current wiring, on-board computer systems, explosives for dynamic protection, gunpowder for shells, oil, fuel, and thousands more items that flock to the workshops of the Urals and other factories from hundreds, and then thousands of subcontractors. These enterprises, according to unconfirmed and completely correctly concealed information, work in three shifts, which makes everyone who helps to assemble the same tank, "Pantsir" or "Tiger", actively stir.

Any of us, habitually turning on a kettle, a TV or putting a smartphone on charge, is unlikely to think that at the same time, thousands of megawatts, the number of which has grown imperceptibly, go to plants to melt charge in arc furnaces, to raise cages and skips from mines , turn the drive rollers of conveyors, illuminate career paths, turn the rotors of electric locomotives and set in motion multi-ton stamping presses.

But let's digress to more peaceful aspects.

Our conversation today would be one-sided if we did not mention the growth in electricity production in the Far East . It is connected to a large extent with a sharp increase in the supply of electricity for export, namely to China and Mongolia . Another unexpected driver is increased exports to Kazakhstan , the northern part of which has recently experienced significant energy hunger. There is nothing wrong with this trend - on the contrary, large cross-border flows bring significant profit to the budget and provide jobs for thousands of our power engineers.

Still, of course, it is necessary to mention such a moment as reducing losses during transportation. In Kazakhstan, this value, according to the reports of the local national operator, can reach 12-13 percent, that is, so much due to the deterioration of power transmission lines and distribution lines is lost on the way from the power plant to the end consumer. In Russia, this figure is slowly but steadily declining, which indicates the inconspicuous work on the modernization of transport infrastructure, which reduces planned losses and increases profitability.

In general, if somewhere in Russia more electricity is produced, it is not necessary for anyone, but for you and me. And this is good.

https://ria.ru/20230117/energorekord-1845314435.html