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    Russian Economy General News: #11

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    Post  Austin Sat Nov 09, 2019 7:14 am

    Russia to cut dollar share in National Wealth Fund, finance ministry source says

    https://in.reuters.com/article/russia-reserves-forex/corrected-update-1-russia-to-cut-dollar-share-in-national-wealth-fund-finance-ministry-source-says-idINL8N27N6XV
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    Post  PhSt Sat Nov 09, 2019 1:34 pm

    A winter of Kremlin’s content: Construction boom shows doomsayer ‘experts’ wrong on Russia

    The cottage industry of ‘experts’ predicting the inevitable demise of Russia for years is ignoring the hard evidence of progress such as the infrastructure projects that the West is unable or unwilling to undertake itself.

    The late US Senator John McCain once famously snarled that Russia is “a gas station masquerading as a country.” British scholar Robert Service – a biographer of Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky – seems to echo that sentiment in his latest work, ‘Kremlin Winter’, published last month and receiving fawning reviews in mainstream Western outlets such as the Financial Times.

    Judging by the reviews, Service’s book is little more than a journey through well-worn cliches about Russia popular among the experts in ‘Thinktankistan’, the league of doomsayers who have been predicting ‘Russia without Putin’ for as long as he’s been in power. He describes the Russian economy as being roughly the same size as that of the Netherlands, dependent on oil and gas exports, and not manufacturing much.

    One could counter that the Russian economy is actually twice that size, or offer reams of data on its ongoing diversification.

    Problematic trends such as alcoholism, violent crime, and demographic collapse have largely been halted or reversed since the 1990s, when they emerged as a side effect of predatory privatization – pushed and praised by the very think tanks lamenting Putin for 20 years now.

    In the view of Western experts, President Vladimir Putin is the one keeping Russia down while funneling money into the military. Except that he’s not, slashing the military budget in 2018 to focus more on infrastructure. Meanwhile, the Russian military has not been any less effective – the success of its Syrian expedition is one obvious example, especially contrasted to the expensive but ineffective US interventions.

    Winter is commonly associated with gloom in the West (e.g. Shakespeare’s “winter of our discontent”), but the season simply does not have the same gloomy connotation in Russia. Instead, General Frost is remembered fondly as the ally against Napoleon and Hitler.

    While the calendar winter is coming, it’s a metaphorical springtime for Russia in terms of construction. While public transportation and infrastructure in the UK and the US have fallen into disrepair under the austerity policies of the past decade, Moscow has embarked on an ambitious plan to expand underground and light rail. Over the past decade, the Russian capital has built over 120 kilometers of metro rails and 64 stations (as of mid-2018), in the most ambitious expansion program in the Moscow Metro’s 80-year history. It might even be the most ambitious in the world, far as anyone can tell.

    The Moscow Metro is just the beginning, too. Once the last stretch of the federal highway M11 is completed by the end of 2019, any Muscovite will be able to drive the 684 kilometers to St. Petersburg to marvel at the Lakhta Center. That 462-meter, 87-story skyscraper will be the tallest building in both Russia and Europe once it is completed in 2020.

    Good news isn’t limited to Moscow or St. Petersburg, either. Crimea was connected to the Russian mainland by a 19-kilometer highway bridge in 2018, which is now open to both cars and trucks. With the completion of the parallel railway bridge, passenger train service is scheduled to start in early December, with freight trains following suit in the spring. This will be a major step in further integrating with the rest of Russia the peninsula that seceded from Ukraine in 2014.

    The US and its European allies cited the accession of Crimea as a pretext to impose trade sanctions on Russia, hoping they would “isolate” Moscow and break its economy. Those hopes have been repeatedly dashed, however, as the sanctions spurred the growth of domestic industry and agriculture.

    It also spurred Russia to sign a major gas deal with Beijing in 2014, and launch the construction of the ‘Power of Siberia’ pipeline in the Far East. The 2,000-kilometer pipeline will connect the gas fields of Yakutia with the Primorye region and China when it opens in early December, weeks ahead of schedule.

    Two other gas pipelines – ‘TurkStream’ under the Black Sea and ‘Nord Stream 2’ under the Baltic Sea – are also on track for completion by the end of 2019. Once operational, they will provide Moscow with reliable avenues of supplying Europe with natural gas, free of potential obstruction by hostile governments – as was the case with Ukraine in 2009, for example.

    Kremlinologists sitting in their ivory towers in the West dismiss all this observable evidence of progress and strength as mere “surface gloss of prosperity,” insisting instead on finding some “underlying weakness” at the heart of Russia. Yet the past two decades have proven them wrong, time and again.

    One is almost tempted to conclude that residents of Thinktankistan are projecting all the economic and political troubles of their own countries onto Russia, much like the proverbial scapegoat. The proof that they’re wrong is in the pudding – or the roads, as the case may be.

    https://www.rt.com/op-ed/473021-russia-construction-boom-predictions/
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    Post  kvs Sat Nov 09, 2019 4:36 pm

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)

    The Netherlands are in 27th place compared to Russia's 6th place in terms of apples-to-apples GDP comparison metrics.
    According to the established PPP adjustment, the economy of Holland is 4.3 times smaller than that of Russia. But,
    as we have discussed before, the PPP is consumer centric and fails to account for Russia's military GDP fraction. So
    the actual GDP difference is over a factor of 6.

    All these "pundits" who quote nominal GDP figures are utter idiots. America, with its inflated GDP (50% from the financial
    industry, and with military pricing totally detached from reality) can't even beat Russia on SAM systems (compare the
    Patriot variants to the S-400). According to these idiots, the industrial and engineering research capacity to achieve
    this simply does not exist in Russia. After all, it's just a gas station posing as a country.

    Also, any clown how asserts that Russia is dependent on oil and gas exports is a full on retard. Russia's GDP fraction
    for the whole oil and gas industry (not just exports, but all of the impact including domestic employment) is 7%. That
    Russia's consolidated budget depends 17% on oil and gas export taxes merely demonstrates that the federal government
    is offloading taxes from consumers onto exports. That is a very smart thing to do since it stimulates Russia's GDP
    growth by leaving more money in consumer's pockets. Taxing oil and gas exports clearly does not suppress oil and gas
    extraction and exports!

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    Post  Hole Sat Nov 09, 2019 7:01 pm

    Murica is a hospital masquerading as a country. Between 20 and 25% of it´s GDP is in the "health" sector. There are treatments that cost 100 pr even 200 times more in the "land of the sick" then in Russia.
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    Post  Viktor Sat Nov 09, 2019 7:19 pm

    PhSt wrote:A winter of Kremlin’s content: Construction boom shows doomsayer ‘experts’ wrong on Russia

    https://www.rt.com/op-ed/473021-russia-construction-boom-predictions/

    yes article on RT by Nebojsa Malic rammed into foundation of experts from ‘Thinktankistan’

    A winter of Kremlin’s content: Construction boom shows doomsayer ‘experts’ wrong on Russia

    The thing is that all along every plan Russia has thinktanistan attacks with suspicion, disinformation, doubt, discredit, misinterpretation, scorn, ignorance by articles published

    meant to persuade people into something which is not.
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    Post  Arrow Sat Nov 09, 2019 7:23 pm

    Russia should become the 5th economy of the world this year, chasing Germany. In the perspective of the next 10 years, it should be the 4th world economy before Japan.
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    Post  Viktor Sat Nov 09, 2019 8:57 pm

    Arrow wrote:Russia should become the 5th economy of the world this year, chasing Germany. In the perspective of the next 10 years, it should be the 4th world economy before Japan.

    Keeping track of where one country in regard to other is can be fun and only fun as GDP says nothing about might one country has in regard to other nor its capabilities.

    You see many will say Germany has better GDP than Russia and based on that fact alone conclude that Germany is more advanced country than Russia. Still Germany considerably

    lags behind Russian on knowledge, technology and production capacity of space based system, aviation, submerged system, nuclear sciencies, nuclear production, microprocessor

    technology, rocket technology, power plant technology and many others and other than fundamental ones when comparing share might in comparison with Russia Germany is a

    midget in military sense in scientific sense

    in political and ideological sense so there are many fundamental domains Germany considerably lags behind nor will even ever be able to catch Russia and being better merchant

    than Russia at one moment in time speaks nothing of any other domain because all fundamental domains mentioned are superior in nature than economy.

    West views economy as superior and its people as homo-economicus but is only so in inside forms of functioning western man are living in and by means of a different social system

    you can make it completely irrelevant for the growth in might such country is experiencing thus making comparison between two different systems based on the values of one

    impossible.
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    Post  Kimppis Sat Nov 09, 2019 10:18 pm

    And to think I almost started reading Service's books on Lenin and Stalin at one point (in fact, until I sold them both were gathering dust on my shelf for several years lol).

    Your average Western "Russia expert" in a nutshell. Fuck me...

    Hey Robert, the Russian economy is two times bigger than that of the Netherlands even in nominal GDP. And as kvs pointed out, it's more than 4x larger in PPP. I mean really, does comparing Russia to the Netherlands make any sense at any level? Is that really how Service summarizes Russia's economy? Really? Really??  Laughing

    Although it seems he didn't read the book, Malic apparently suggests that Service also repeated the "dying Russia" trope, despite the fact that it was obvious BS a decade ago!

    Arrow wrote:Russia should become the 5th economy of the world this year, chasing Germany. In the perspective of the next 10 years, it should be the 4th world economy before Japan.

    Two issues: Japan has a population of 120 million, so that's going to be difficult, albeit probably inevitable, considering Japan's declining population. Secondly: Look at Indonesia. But yes, Russia should overtake Germany in a few years.

    Viktor wrote:The thing is that all along every plan Russia has thinktanistan attacks with suspicion, disinformation, doubt, discredit, misinterpretation, scorn, ignorance by articles publishedmeant to persuade people into something which is not.

    That's a really good description. Simultaneously they also keep hyperventilating about PUTLER's world domination plans. Russophrenia = "a condition where the sufferer believes Russia is both about to collapse, and take over the world."

    Lastly, the meme that is Russia's economic growth is beyond bizarre in many ways. 1. It was already pretty good last year. 2. It should fully and properly pick up from 2021 onwards. That is the government's plan, which has been known since... 2015? And people on both sides act like they've never heard of it? Jesus fucking Christ. All these "experts" should wait until 2021!!!!!!!!!!!!! Rolling Eyes Rolling Eyes

    They also pretend like there has been no progress. No increase in reserves. No budget surpluses. No decreasing oil dependency (which has always been exaggerated). No decent growth in 2018. No national projects. Where do they get their information from? That's a rhetorical question btw.
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    Post  Austin Wed Nov 13, 2019 9:40 am

    Medvedev discussed the investment program of Russian Railways during a train trip to Siberia

    https://tass.ru/ekonomika/7107346
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    Post  Austin Wed Nov 13, 2019 10:48 am

    Kozak estimates the volume of demand for industrial products for national projects

    https://rns.online/industry/Kozak-otsenil-obyom-sprosa-na-promishlennuyu-produktsiyu-dlya-natsproektov-2019-11-11/
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    Post  andalusia Thu Nov 14, 2019 12:25 am

    I don't understand why all countries in the world simply don't issue their currencies interest free? It is the best solution. The US before the American Revolution issued Colonial Script and during during the Civil War they issued the interest free Greenback. A country can finance its infrastructure and other needs without borrowing from the IMF, World Bank or even China. The colonial US, Lincoln's America and Nazi Germany are good examples of this. I think Russia should seriously consider issuing the ruble interest free.

    To see the effect of debt-free currency, We can use examples in history to illustrate the point.



    1. * The Saracen Empire forbade interest on money 1,000 years ago, and its wealth outshone Saxon Europe.

    2. * Mandarin China issued its own money, interest and debt-free. Historians and collectors of art today consider those centuries to China's greatest time of wealth, culture and peace.

    3. * The American Colonies issued Colonial Script, and Ben Franklin explained to the English that this was the key to the prosperity Colonies.

    4. * Abraham Lincoln did it in 1863 to finance and win the Civil War.

    5. * Germany issued debt-free and interest-free money from 1935 and on, accounting for its startling rise from the depression to a World power in 5 years.

    Germany financed its entire government and war operation from 1935 to 1945 without gold and without debt, and it took nearly the whole Capitalist and Communist world to destroy the German power
    over Europe.

    Was this the real cause of World War II?

    Did the International Bankers have to destroy the
    Government of Germany because it issued debt and interest free money just like Lincoln did?

    https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Colonial_Script

    https://www.ukcolumn.org/article/case-greenback-pound

    https://theamericanchronicle.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-real-cause-for-american-revolution.html

    https://mordant-truth.weebly.com/hilter-monetary-system-real-cause-of-ww2.html
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    Post  calripson Thu Nov 14, 2019 4:38 am

    Interest free? That is so old school. How about negative interest rates? That's the future and present. Just check out Japanese or German government debt.




    andalusia wrote:I don't understand why all countries in the world simply don't issue their currencies interest free? It is the best solution.  The US before the American Revolution issued Colonial Script and during during the Civil War they issued the interest free Greenback. A country can finance its infrastructure and other needs without borrowing from the IMF, World Bank or even China.  The colonial US, Lincoln's America and Nazi Germany are good examples of this. I think Russia should seriously consider issuing the ruble interest free.

    To see the effect of debt-free currency, We can use examples in history to illustrate the point.

       

      1. * The Saracen Empire forbade interest on money 1,000 years ago, and its wealth outshone Saxon Europe.

      2. * Mandarin China issued its own money, interest and debt-free. Historians and collectors of art today consider those centuries to China's greatest time of wealth, culture and peace.

      3. * The American Colonies issued Colonial Script, and Ben Franklin explained to the English that this was the key to the prosperity Colonies.

      4. * Abraham Lincoln did it in 1863 to finance and win the Civil War.

      5. * Germany issued debt-free and interest-free money from 1935 and on, accounting for its startling rise from the depression to a World power in 5 years.

    Germany financed its entire government and war operation from 1935 to 1945 without gold and without debt, and it took nearly the whole Capitalist and Communist world to destroy the German power
    over Europe.

    Was this the real cause of World War II?

    Did the International Bankers have to destroy the
    Government of Germany because it issued debt and interest free money just like Lincoln did?

    https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Colonial_Script

    https://www.ukcolumn.org/article/case-greenback-pound

    https://theamericanchronicle.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-real-cause-for-american-revolution.html

    https://mordant-truth.weebly.com/hilter-monetary-system-real-cause-of-ww2.html
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    Post  andalusia Thu Nov 14, 2019 7:06 am

    calripson wrote:Interest free? That is so old school. How about negative interest rates? That's the future and present. Just check out Japanese or German government debt.




    andalusia wrote:I don't understand why all countries in the world simply don't issue their currencies interest free? It is the best solution.  The US before the American Revolution issued Colonial Script and during during the Civil War they issued the interest free Greenback. A country can finance its infrastructure and other needs without borrowing from the IMF, World Bank or even China.  The colonial US, Lincoln's America and Nazi Germany are good examples of this. I think Russia should seriously consider issuing the ruble interest free.

    To see the effect of debt-free currency, We can use examples in history to illustrate the point.

       

      1. * The Saracen Empire forbade interest on money 1,000 years ago, and its wealth outshone Saxon Europe.

      2. * Mandarin China issued its own money, interest and debt-free. Historians and collectors of art today consider those centuries to China's greatest time of wealth, culture and peace.

      3. * The American Colonies issued Colonial Script, and Ben Franklin explained to the English that this was the key to the prosperity Colonies.

      4. * Abraham Lincoln did it in 1863 to finance and win the Civil War.

      5. * Germany issued debt-free and interest-free money from 1935 and on, accounting for its startling rise from the depression to a World power in 5 years.

    Germany financed its entire government and war operation from 1935 to 1945 without gold and without debt, and it took nearly the whole Capitalist and Communist world to destroy the German power
    over Europe.

    Was this the real cause of World War II?

    Did the International Bankers have to destroy the
    Government of Germany because it issued debt and interest free money just like Lincoln did?

    https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Colonial_Script

    https://www.ukcolumn.org/article/case-greenback-pound

    https://theamericanchronicle.blogspot.com/2013/09/the-real-cause-for-american-revolution.html

    https://mordant-truth.weebly.com/hilter-monetary-system-real-cause-of-ww2.html


    What do you mean by old school? The idea of interest free money is still very effective.  Negative interest rates is vastly inferior to debt free money.  

    https://ellenbrown.com/2019/09/29/the-disaster-of-negative-of-interest-rates/

    https://www.ukcolumn.org/article/case-greenback-pound
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    Post  andalusia Fri Nov 15, 2019 8:42 am

    It would be interesting if more countries tried what Austria did back in the 1930s.  Russian and other countries wanting to lessen American influence in their economies would benefit greatly.  http://www.lietaer.com/2010/03/the-worgl-experiment/?fbclid=IwAR1oCykUHuhl873pawzlKjtTtluvXxRn_23heZQVSg8R3wPZVmnhM4KZQgA
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    Post  Austin Sun Nov 17, 2019 8:27 am

    The 20-year transformation plan making Russia a global rail leader

    http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/article/nov-2018/20-year-transformation-plan-making-russia-global-rail-leader
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    Post  kvs Mon Nov 18, 2019 6:11 am

    Austin wrote:The 20-year transformation plan making Russia a global rail leader

    http://www.infrastructure-intelligence.com/article/nov-2018/20-year-transformation-plan-making-russia-global-rail-leader

    Nice article. Good to see that the privatization zealots can't explain away reality.

    But it would be more accurate to label RZD as a crown corporation that a "state owned corporation". The latter insinuates
    that there is political meddling, whereas the former accurately reflects the arm's length dealing with the government.
    RZD is not run by Putin and follows rules that make it autonomous.

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    Post  PhSt Mon Nov 18, 2019 6:52 pm



    For Wall Street, Russia Has Become ‘Bulletproof’

    Sorry, haters, Putin’s securities market is better than Xi’s, better than Trump’s. It’s Europe’s fault.

    For all the talk about starving Vladimir Putin and, inevitably, Russia of financial resources with sanctions on major state-run companies, Russian bonds have become a must-have. Not only in Europe where yields are nearly zero, but also among American global bond fund managers that want to get paid for holding debt.

    Considering there is about $15 trillion worth of negative-yielding bonds out there, Russia’s 10-year sovereign looks great to everyone, except to the most scornful of the anti-Russia crowd, at around 6.4% in rubles.

    Russia’s 2027 dollar-bond pays 4.25% interest. Germany doesn’t pay at all, and instead yields -0.35%. The U.S. 10-year Treasury bond yields just 1.8%. Those countries also have debt burdens that can spook long-term investors. Russia has practically no debt at all.

    “They’ve made themselves bulletproof,” says James Barrineau, co-head of emerging-market debt for Schroders Investment in New York. “They can pay off all their foreign debts with their central bank reserves. Plus, they’re cutting interest rates. The currency is very stable. And they have room on the fiscal side to spend on their economy.”

    Russia has over $433 million in foreign currency reserves and $107.9 million worth of gold. It is the largest reserves among the big emerging markets after China, which has more than $3 trillion.

    Ridiculously low interest rates on European government bonds, and higher dividends being paid by Russian companies, have investors overweighting Russian securities.

    Here are some of Russia’s most well-known dividend paying stocks:

    Retailer Magnit’s dividend yield is a whopping 8.62%. Its competitor X5 Retail Group pays 4.15%.

    Lukoil, a privately owned oil company that even has gasoline stations in New York, pays 5.05%. Their stock price is up 39% this year.

    Telecommunications giant, Mobile TeleSystems (MBT), which trades on the NYSE, pays 5.7%. MBT is up 26.4% year-to-date.

    The VanEck Russia (RSX) pays 3.91% in dividend yield as of November 15.

    Russia’s break from the Soviet Union came with at least three financial crises, each one either delivering a—temporary—crushing blow. Since the breakup of the USSR, many of Russia’s wealthy have left or hid money offshore while the country still faces something of a brain drain. Russians in the science and engineering fields are working in the U.S. and Western Europe instead. All of this, coupled with lackluster demographics, stagnant oil and gas prices and U.S. sanctions, have been a big negative for Russia.

    Russia is used to negatives.

    The 1995 banking crisis that led to the 1998 financial meltdown saw the domestic investor give up on the idea of investing in stocks and bonds. Capitalism was a failure to them.

    A few years later, they turned to real estate, building a Chinese-style housing bubble that popped in 2008 and never recovered.

    Eleven years on and Russian real estate prices are almost 60% lower than they were at their market peak in dollar terms. Plus the currency is much weaker ever since central bank governor Elvira Nabiullina took the ruble out of its strict trading band against the dollar. It used to trade in the 30s. Now it’s in the 60s.

    Since real estate is no longer offering Russians the returns on investment it once did, those who don’t have enough capital to open up accounts overseas, or need to keep money at home, are rediscovering the stock market.

    This slow but sustained development of trust was partly the result of time and partly the result of a number of more fundamental changes taking place within Russian securities law.

    Since 2007, the number of retail clients registered with the Moscow Exchange has gone up 120%.

    Legislation protecting investors was improved. A deposit insurance system was created. Savings banks institutionalized and professionalized, thanks in large part to foreign competition from Europe, and the Russian banks were subject to tighter rules, exactly like those of Western banks. Those that were not up to speed, either failed or were taken over by the Russian Central Bank. Russia’s banking system may look smaller than it did a few years ago, but it’s getting cleaned up.

    Since 2016, retail investors are facing a problem of gradually falling savings deposit rates. In real terms, savings deposits now return less than 2% per year.

    So while Russian bonds have been made “bulletproof” thanks to negative yield in Europe and Russia’s low levels of foreign debt, giving bond investments their repayment confidence, Russia’s stock market is beefing up because the locals are running out of places to put their money.

    Just as with real estate, the shift to a new investment is coming. Equities are it. Good returns over the last 12 months will entice more investors to jump in, driving up Russian stock prices.

    Russian GDP is expected to grow by just under 2% next year.

    “A major change in the Russian financial sector over the last couple of years has been the simultaneous rise in the dividend yield of Russian stocks and the fall in the yields offered by government and corporate debt, and retail deposits,” say Roland Nash and Denis Rodionov, analysts for Moscow and London-based investment manager Spring Capital, writing in a report to clients this month. “The impact of this change will likely be greater interest from domestic investors in holding equities.”

    https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2019/11/18/for-wall-street-russia-has-become-bullet-proof/
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    Post  kvs Mon Nov 18, 2019 11:44 pm

    $433 million in foreign currency reserves and $107.9 million worth of gold

    The above shouldn't detract from the article, but is an idiotic mistake. The numbers are in billions of
    US dollars (not that Russia's reserves actually hold that many dollars, but the exchange equivalent).

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    Post  Austin Tue Nov 19, 2019 1:19 pm

    Russia Gold Reserve is estimated at 5,300 tons ( Pg 71 )

    https://prd-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/mcs2019_all.pdf

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    Post  kvs Tue Nov 19, 2019 11:07 pm



    Kick Ford out of Russia now! These yanqui maggots have gone too far. Ford lobbied US congress-maggots to try and destroy GAZ.
    Ford may have left the regular car market, but did not leave the commercial vehicle market.

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    Austin


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    Post  Austin Wed Nov 20, 2019 11:34 am

    Siluanov explained the non-execution of budget expenditures by a trillion rubles

    https://ria.ru/20191120/1561151176.html
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    calripson


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    Russian Economy General News: #11 - Page 4 Empty And Where Do Those Unspent Trillions Sit???

    Post  calripson Wed Nov 20, 2019 7:18 pm

    Austin wrote:Siluanov explained the non-execution of budget expenditures by a trillion rubles

    https://ria.ru/20191120/1561151176.html

    The finance and central bank people in Russia are the greatest impediment to economic growth. They are also the reason why military projects are delayed, contractors don't get paid on time, and new technology comes out in dribs and drabs. All this while Russia runs a monthly fiscal surplus of over $2 billion.

    Now, on first blush, it looks like Siluanov is really doing his job as a noble civil servant, keeping a close eye on all those trillions. But here's the rub - all those trillions are collecting interest in somebody's bank (or the central bank) until they are dispersed. Not a bad way to make a profit. All risk free.
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    Austin


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    Post  Austin Thu Nov 21, 2019 8:08 am

    Rosatom wants to become the world leader in shipping

    https://www.vedomosti.ru/business/articles/2019/11/20/816799-rosatom-liderom
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    Austin


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    Post  Austin Thu Nov 21, 2019 8:13 am

    US’ attempts to undermine economic growth of Russia & China are just part of unfair competition – Putin

    https://www.rt.com/business/473883-us-undermines-china-russia-growth/

    China Wants Russia To Use More Yuan, Fewer Dollars

    https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2019/11/20/china-wants-russia-to-use-more-yuan-less-dollars/#585c37d93677
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    par far


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    Post  par far Thu Nov 21, 2019 10:55 pm




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