Russian Radar systems

I see USN latest Haykye AWACS uses S band radar and they mention its Anti-Stealth properties.

So both L and S band are good for LO targets.

IMDS 2017: Zaslon ready to install new multifunctional radar on future Russian surface combatants

http://www.janes.com/article/71971/imds-2017-zaslon-ready-to-install-new-multifunctional-radar-on-future-russian-surface-combatants

Russian electronic warfare specialist JSC Zaslon said the company is ready to install a new generation of multipurpose radars on future Russian surface combatants.

Speaking to Jane’s at the International Maritime Defence Show (IMDS) in St Petersburg, industry sources confirmed that the Zaslon Multi-Purpose Navy Radar System (MF RLK ZASLON) has completed its development phase, and is “now ready to be deployed as the flagship radar of next generation ships in the Russian Navy”.

Having been developed for the Steregushchiy II (Project 20385)-class corvette, the system can perform search/detection tasks for airborne but also low-altitude and surface threats, operating either in active mode at X-, S-band frequencies, or in passive mode at L-, S-, C-, X-, Ku-frequencies.

operating either in active mode at X-, S-band frequencies, or in passive mode at L-, S-, C-, X-, Ku-frequencies.

I wonder what they mean by Passive Mode





Can any one who understands Russian tell us what they are trying to say about these Radars.

Does this mean X and S Band Radar are APAR and L-, S-, C-, X-, Ku-frequencies uses PESA ? or is this something else ?

Ok I found the answer on the Manuf website

http://www.zaslon.com/en/node/115

It seems X and S band are AESA radar while the rest are PESA system.

The Entire Radar Suite is quite good can be upscaled for Frigate ,Destroyer and Cruisers with common mast concept

NAVY RADIOELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

JSC "Zaslon” has substantial scientific, engineering and production capacities for design and manufacture of sophisticated radioelectronic systems and air and marine systems, including information management and processing systems.
Multi-purpose navy radar system "Zaslon” is designed for:

Illumination of the air, surface and signal environment with active radar channels of X and S wavelength bands and passive radar channels of L, S, C, X, Ku wavelength bands, with their operation adapted to the existing environment and ship's priority tasks
Active jamming (in Х, Кu frequency bands) and active jamming equipment control
Target designation to weapon control systems
Control of shipboard gun mounts

Additionally, “Zaslon” navy radar can ensure radio monitoring in short-wave and VHF wavelength bands.

“Zaslon” navy radar ensures solution of the following tasks:

Search, detection and tracking of air targets, low-altitude pin-point targets, surface targets, shore-based radiocontrast targets
Automatic recognition and classification of tracked targets
Detection of radiation sources, recognition of radiating equipment classes and types, including those in the far-field region
Estimation and analysis of electronic environment, position finding of jamming sources
Active countermeasures
Control of passive jamming equipment
Weapons control
Information support to the benefit of flights of fighters, ground attack aircrafts, shipboard helicopter on patrol and search-and-rescue problem missions, etc.
Automatic performance monitoring and troubleshooting
Recording of information processing results, worked out decisions and conditions of mating systems
Personnel simulated training

Use of directional pattern electronic scanning, special modes and algorithms of target surveillance, acquisition and tracking in “Zaslon” navy radar ensures short response time, high throughput rate, exact target designation accuracy, and thus highly efficient use of mating systems' possibilities.

“Zaslon" navy radar has substantial possibilities for update, since design of its component parts allows changing the equipment components and tasks to be solved, depending on the ship purpose. “Zaslon" navy radar capacities are adaptable to various functions to be fulfilled in combat conditions.

Development of advanced radar system to be completed

The development of the prospective Yastreb-AV radar system is nearing its competition. This was announced by Deputy Defence Minister of Russian Federation General of the Army Dmitry Bulgakov at a solemn event devoted to the 440th anniversary of the Main Missile Artillery Directorate.

‘The new system surpasses its prototypes both in the Russian Armed Forces and abroad in its specifications’, said the General of the Army.

The new radar system will significantly increase the effectiveness of artillery and counterbattery fire.

http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12145110@egNews

These types of radars have proved their worth many times. I'm wondering whether it will be a portable radar or a vehicle based radar system?

Advantages of the "Sky-M" complexes in the anti-missile link of the RF VKS: irreplaceable assistants of "Voronezh" and "Podletov"
January 18, 2017

In the network centric wars of the 21st century, long-range radar detection of prospective tactical fighter aircraft of the 5th generation and their lowly visible missile weapons is considered the fundamental basis for building reliable defensive tactics as a ground and air component of the air forces of any state, including military air defense and naval strike groups of the Navy. From the 80's - 90's. the technologically advanced regional and world superpowers are making enormous efforts to develop mobile high-potential radar complexes DRLOiU, as well as highly sensitive complexes for radioelectronic reconnaissance and passive location based on active and passive phased arrays, as well as ring-shaped phased array with an all-air survey of airspace. Another important task is also the early detection of high-speed supersonic and hypersonic air attack with a small radar signature, which include: combat blocks of ballistic missiles of different classes, small-sized guided combat "equipment" of M26 missiles from the Swedish-American MLRS GLSDB (represented by modified small GBU GBUs -39SDB) and other high-precision weapons.

For these purposes, a number of stationary and mobile radar systems with excellent power and throughput capabilities operate in the Armed Forces of Russia and China and operate in the meter, decimeter and centimeter wave bands. Stationary systems include: the radar systems of the missile attack warning system of Voronezh-M, Voronezh-DM, Voronezh-SM types (so far only in the draft), as well as new Chinese projects of missile warning radar with unknown ciphers. The stations are able to detect and accompany aerospace elements of the WTO with an EPR of 0.1 m2 at ranges of 3 to 5 thousand km. The most common Russian RTV and air defense stations "Protivnik-G", "Gamma-C1", "Podlet-K1", 96L6E and "Gamma-DE", as well as Chinese JY-26 and YLC-2V are ranked among the mobile. The radar data are often used as assigned target designation tools for long-range SAM systems S-300PM1 / S-400 and S-300V4 and HQ-9, interfaced with the latter via data buses of automated control systems for the mixed antiaircraft missile brigade type 9S52 Polyana-D4M1 ". The distinctive capabilities of these radars are: rapid deployment time, different ranges of operation and unification by universal towers for work on low-altitude targets. For example, a decimeter L-band radar (frequency 1-2 GHz) 59N6M "Opponent-G" is designed for long-range detection and tracking of aerospace objects at altitudes up to 200 km (low-orbit); the station can issue target designation of the SAM, as well as more accurate centimeter radar stations of the Gamma-C1 combat mode. The latter can easily be adapted to target designation and illumination with anti-aircraft missiles with ARGSN and PARGSN.


The 48J6-K1 station "Flying-K1" can be considered a radically improved low-altitude 76N6 detector. The ceiling of target detection is only 10,000 m, and the range is 300 km. At the same time, a solid-state PFAR operating in a centimeter X-band makes it possible not only to accompany the passage, but also to capture low-altitude cruise missiles with a small radar signature. Despite the possibility of working on ballistic objects, the angle of view from -2 to +25 degrees means that the station is "sharpened" for locating and ensuring launch of the ZUR exclusively for low-altitude targets. In other words, "Fly-K1" is the only multifunctional radar of low-altitude mode, which has no analogues in the world. Regarding the limiting speed of the escorted objects, the 49H6-K1 has a limit of 1200 m / s in this parameter (for hypersonic SWN with velocities ≥5 M, "Flying" does not work). The "Opponnik-G" radar has a speed limit of 2200 m / s. But unlike Podlet-K1, it works in the DM-band and does not allow to carry out auto-capture of air targets with an accuracy of three to five tens of meters.


Despite the excellent survey characteristics at low-altitude and medium-altitude sections of the VO up to 10 km (tropospheric section), a centimeter range of operation, the possibility to accompany at the pass to 200 VC, and also to seize some of them for accurate auto-tracking, the multifunctional RLK "Podlet-K1" can not Used as an independent radar. Its field of view on the elevation angle reaches only +25 degrees, and therefore above the RLC is formed a large unguarded funnel of the "dead zone" with a huge 310-degree sector. For its overlap, you need such a radar as VBO 96L6E, etc.


The radar complex, which complements "Flying-K1" in the stratospheric and exoatmospheric areas of space, is the all-altitude detector 96L6E. This complex is used as the main attached target designation equipment in the division of the S-300PS / PM1 and S-400 Triumph air defense systems and has the highest tactical and technical characteristics. VBO 96L6E has an upper limit of the detection zone - more than 100 km, has a maximum speed of the tracked target of 10,000 km / h, and is also capable of escorting 100 air targets with EPR up to 5 m2 at a distance of 400 km. It should be noted that the VBO 96L6E, which has a multi-beam antenna array, shows very flexible hardware capabilities for the formation of a directional pattern in the angle plane, and therefore can interchange the "Flying-K1" in problems of detecting low-altitude air targets.

The Chinese radios of the duty regime also do not lag behind domestic products. And the most interesting sample from the Middle Kingdom is the radar of long-range radar detection JY-26. For the first time the station was presented at the International aerospace exhibition in Zhuhai in 2014, and a year later all the Western press and the Internet exploded with scandalous reports about the discovery of unobtrusive F-22A fighters over South Korea with radar data. "Raptors" were transferred to the South Korean air base Osan in the spring of 2013 to show support for Seoul in disagreements with Pyongyang on the nuclear missile program of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, as well as in the framework of the American-South Korean teachings "Foal Eagle" .

The discovery of the F-22A "Raptor" by the Chinese JY-26 radar is really eye-popping, because even with the location of the JY-26 on the eastern tip of Shandong Province (issued for 300 km in the Yellow Sea), the F-22A was detected at a distance 250-300 km. It is well known that the "Raptors", possessing EPR within 0.07 m2, can be detected by modern ground-based radars of radio-technical troops at a range of not more than 120-150 km. American and British experts say that the JY-26 operates a meter and decimeter bands (VHF / UHF-from 136 to 512 MHz), which gives good advantages in detecting distant small-size targets due to better propagation of low-frequency waves in airspace. But the high energy potential, which is distributed between 512 transmit-transmit modules of the active FAR station JY-26, still plays a big role here. If we are guided by such range indicators, it can be argued that a target of the "fighter" type with an EPR of 3 m2 can be detected at a distance of 600 to 750 km. For comparison, even a domestic radar detector of a meter range with 55Zh6U "Sky-U" is able to detect a target with a similar radar signature at a distance of no more than 420 km, and this is with a pulsed power of 500 kW. From this it follows that the JY-26 should have an impulse power of more than 800 kW.

Other radio technical anti-stems can be considered passive radio electronic reconnaissance stations. One of the best domestic stations of RTR and passive location is "Valeria". Equipped with a passive ring antenna, the antenna post, rising on a telescopic tower to a height of 20-25 m, makes it possible to find near and distant radio-emitting air objects at distances up to 500 km and altitudes - from the earth's surface to 40 km. Due to the fixed ring antenna array, the rate of updating information on radio-emitting targets does not exceed half a second, which is an advantage over standard rotating radars. The Valeria SRTR operates in the meter, decimeter, centimeter and millimeter wave bands, which makes it possible to locate UHF / VHF radio communication sources, tactical and strategic airborne radars (including those operating in the low-bandwidth LPI and HRP), radio altimeters of tactical and strategic cruise missiles, as well as active radar homing heads without opening their own coordinates. The "Valeria" will easily detect the radiation of the AN / APG-77 and AN / APG-81 airborne radar (installed on the F-22A and F-35A / B / C) in any modes of operation, and also fix the radiation of their on-board tactical information exchange modules on the channels "Link-16" JTIDS and IFDL.

A similar Chinese radio electronic reconnaissance and passive location station is DWL-002. Information about the product appeared in May 2014, after participating in the 9th International Exhibition of Military Electronics (CIDEX-2014). The Chinese analogue, like the ValTRiya SRTR, has the highest sensitivity even to the weakest radiation sources, which allows us to find not only air targets with radar facilities operating, but also in full radio silence mode. How does this happen? In addition to the radiation of powerful survey and multifunctional radar of the radio technical and air defense troops, the enemy's aircraft can irradiate a huge number of other radiation sources, which are meteorological radars, mobile towers of the decimeter radio communication, etc. The radiation from them is reflected by the principle of any other radio signal, and will be fixed by the passive antenna DWL-002. Thus, no air will pass unnoticed near the antenna post of Valeria or DWL-002, but with the difference that it will be detected from a much closer distance than with the included radar.

As is known, stations of passive location, in contrast to active radar stations, are usually represented by several antenna posts, which are separated on the terrain, which operate in meter, decimeter and centimeter ranges. Such a configuration presupposes an accurate determination of the coordinates of the enemy's radio-emitting objects when it is not possible to use the standard pulse method for determining the range to an air object that is used by standard radars. This method is called distance-ranging. Requires at least 3 separated passive antennas to calculate two values ​​of the difference in distance between each post and the target (by the difference in the arrival time of the signal), as well as the determination of the intersection point of the hyperbolas of the obtained time differences with the spatial locations of the passive antennas. A similar method is also used in the passive reconnaissance station Kolchuga-M.

Despite the numerous advantages of all the aforementioned radio and electronic reconnaissance equipment, they are able to give the time for warning before the arrival of numerous ultra-small-sized hypersonic elements of high-precision weapons (speed 6-7M) in only 1.5-2 minutes, which is extremely inadequate for the timely alerting of all, operating in a network-centric linkage, anti-aircraft missile brigades and military air defense battalions. Additional mobile radar facilities with significantly higher energy qualities are needed, which would allow the missile unit to be notified in a certain area of ​​the theater of operations about the approach of 7-fly aircraft for 4-5 minutes before their arrival.

This is not equal to the perspective multi-element inter-service radar complex 55Z6M "Nebo-M", combining the quality of missile warning, radar, and radar targeting for anti-aircraft missile units. According to a source in the Russian Defense Ministry, in the course of the year 2016, 5 Sky-M radar systems were transferred to the Air and Space Forces. The first sets began to arrive in the Air Force from the end of 2012. Thus, as of 2017, RTV has more than 10 sets of "Sky-M". Complexes are in service with parts of the RTV in the Eastern and Western military districts.

Passing the testing tests in 2009, the radar complex "Nebo-M" was successfully sent to state tests, but far from complete. Completely ready were only a meter radar module RLM-M, decimeter - RLM-D, as well as control cabin KU RLK; centimeter module RLM-S was then at the level of the draft design. But even in this composition, "Sky-M" was unique in its class parameters. Thanks to the high energy parameters of the meter and decimeter modules, even in the survey mode, the target detection range with EPR of 1 m2 reached 550-600 km, which was a record indicator among all modern radar-radar systems. The RLM-D (as a single element) refers to the most powerful mobile radar of the decimeter range, and, similarly to the other modules of the Nebo-M complex, is equipped with its own generator of 100 kW. The module is represented by a multi-element solid-state AFAR with a built-in phase shifter: a similar step allows the station to be used both in the circular scanning mode and in the sector-scan mode for more careful and long-term monitoring of the missile-hazardous direction.

The sectoral mode of operation is characterized by even higher pulsed power of the RPM radar modules, which allowed to bring the instrumental range up to 1800 km: at such a distance, "Sky-M" is able to detect the launching operational and tactical ballistic missiles and medium-range ballistic missiles. The speed limit of detected and followed targets reached 5000 m / s. The goal with an EPR of 0.1 m2 (the combat unit of an RCBM or a ULTR) can be detected at a range of 600-650 km, and 0.01 m2 - 300-350 km. Thus, the complex "Sky-M" is the record holder both in terms of multifunctionality and parameters of early target designation (2-5 min) for S-300V4 and S-400 "Triumph" anti-aircraft missile systems tied to the EKO system.

The Advanced Missile Attack Warning System The Russian Air Defense Space Troops are based today on the high-potential meter radar 77Y6 Voronezh-M, their upgraded versions of the 77Y6-VP Voronezh-VP, as well as the decimeter variants 77Y6-DM Voronezh- DM ". The stations of this family are built on the basis of light modular elements of the block-container composition; and, unlike such giant structures as the Daryal-U radar, installation of all necessary elements usually takes no more than 18-24 months. Since the moment of the entry, in February 2012, for the alert duty of the station "Voronezh-M" in the village of Lehtusi, Leningrad Oblast, VKO has already received 7 similar radars. This year it is planned to "launch" 2 "Voronezh-DM" in Yeniseysk and Barnaul, as well as 1 station "Voronezh-VP" in Orsk. A network of 7 stations formed around Russia a fairly dense radar field in all missile-dangerous air directions at distances of 4200 to 6000 km and altitudes from 150 to 4000 and 8000 km. Sectors of the Voronezh station survey in the European part of Russia overlap, which excludes the presence of unobserved "gaps" in the south-west, west and north-west air routes, and the record capacity of each Voronezh radar in 500 targets allows you to maintain control over the tactical situation even at the time of a massive attack by means of an air and space attack by the enemy. But this only applies to exoatmospheric hypersonic armament, since the lower limit of the survey zone for 77 N6 is about 100 km. All aircraft operating at altitudes up to 50-70 km are not included in the list of Voronezh targets.

You can not neglect the issue of the radio horizon. Even if 77J6-DM were adapted to work on low-altitude and medium-altitude targets (from 15 to 20 km), the radio horizon would be only 400-550 km for them, which does not give stationary Voronezh absolutely any advantages over the advanced mobile radar of the type "Sky-M".In other words, the radar complex "Sky-M" - the only mobile means of electronic intelligence that can perform early warning function on a low-and medium-high "gear» supersonic or hypersonic missiles and aircraft, while providing a decent time on reaching is the notification, as well as the possibility of rapid deployment on this or that site missile-HV. Are there many such areas in our state? Not so much, but it is still there!

Firstly, it is the north-east direction of the air (VL), which has always been one of the weaknesses of our EKO. In this area functions "Daryal-U" meter-radar missile attack warning systems. As with any other radar, the station "DTV", there are significant energy losses at the edges of the scan sector, that means the range loss, with the right edge of the directional diagram (DS) just about "covers" northern aerospace boundaries over the Laptev Sea, East -Sibirskim and Kara seas. It turns out that the sky over the northern areas of Siberia and Yakutia is almost not visible Pechora "Daryalom", and before the introduction of 'anti-missile unit "radar" Voronezh-VP "in Vorkuta (enlarged to 120 degrees field of view) is still 2 more years.

In such a situation can be an excellent solution occupancy 3 radar complexes "sky-M" along the northern seas washing RF. The first can be deployed near Norilsk. The second - in the vicinity of Tiksi: here he will perform not only the role of radar early warning system and AEW northern air borders of our country, but also serve as early warning mechanisms and target for anti-aircraft missile brigade and air defense, covering the main air base "Arctic power" "Tiksi". As is known, this year will begin to Tiksi gradually becoming a strategically important air harbor VKS Russia on the northern strategic direction. This AVB can also transfer strategic bombers-missile carriers Tu-160 medium-range missiles and missile carriers Tu-22M3. The third expedient to expand in the vicinity of Anadyr. At first,here also place a squadron or a regiment of MiG-31BM; secondly, a sector operation of the complex "Sky-M" will be able to cover the aerospace portion of the strategically important junction USAF - united airbase «Elmendorf-Richardson» (Alaska), which may well be placed tactical and strategic aircraft with hypersonic WTO .

The second is very unpredictable air area where complex "Sky-M" can be claimed - the south-western BH. In this area, there is a particularly high activity of the US Air Force tactical and strategic reconnaissance aircraft based at Turkish air bases and gum, and in the future will increasingly be carried out tests of Turkish tactical ballistic missiles family "Yıldırım". This constantly increasing military threat from Georgia, which will be located at the Vaziani military base a large contingent of the United Armed Forces of NATO as part of armored divisions and several «Patriot PAC-3" batteries complexes or «SAMP-T».

In addition, it is known that the command of the US and UK armed forces tend to increase their land contingent promising modifications MRLS GMLRS, which are equipped with guided missiles M30 and XM30 with a range of 70-95 km. Such a decision has already been made in the past year to strengthen the groups Ground UK troops sent to Estonia. In addition to BMP MCW-80 «Warrior», MBT «Challenger-2" drum drone MQ-9 «Reaper», as well as contingent strength of a reinforced battalion (800 men), London went to the Baltic country PU M270A1 MLRS. Correctable projectiles caliber 227 mm represent a serious threat to the divisions HR Russian border in the Leningrad and Pskov regions. They are no less dangerous than TRUNC ATACMS; Firstly,because of the low radar signature of 0.04 m2. Radar "Gamma-C1" can detect such shells at a distance of about 100 km, complex "sky-M '- in the region of 200-250 km in a sector mode and about 160 km in the circular scan mode. In "Iron Dome" detector of small targets as "sky-M" repeatedly advances Israeli MRLS EL / M-2084 complex.

Centimetric radar module RLM-EC - the main element, giving "Nebu-M" superior versatility. RLM-CE can perform eyeballs tracks aerial targets, their grip on the exact tracking of the issuance with accurate targeting for anti-aircraft missile units and air defense fighter squadrons. The module is profoundly improved embodiment 96L6E all-altitude detector and radar detector multifunctional "Gamma-C1"

Returning to the south-western BH, it is worth noting that is very logical deployment of WLL "Sky-M" on the 102nd military base in Gyumri. Here she will be a worthy response to the acquired Azerbaijan Israeli station «Green Pine», as well as be able to control huge swathes of airspace over Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Georgia. Any unauthorized actions of NATO tactical aviation and Israel in the Middle East will be immediately recorded in the complex calculation KU RLC control cabin.

The most important feature of RFCs "Sky-M" on the background of various radar standby mode is also possible to detect ekzoatmosfernyh targets at an altitude of 1200 km, which is 6 times higher than that of the radar "enemy-G." On the face of advanced radar concept with pronounced anti-missile qualities, able to detect, track, and even capture medium-range ballistic missiles outside the Earth's atmosphere. And despite all the emphasis placed today on the creation and promotion of the standard of review or multifunction radar with a range of 300-400 km, will soon RTV units will not be able to do without such complexes as "Sky-M." Indeed, progress in the design of hypersonic WTO members sooner or later impose more severe rules of war.

2 units in the Western Military District(ZVO) have received Nebo-UM (55Zh6UM) radar complexes. Most likely 334th Radio-Technical Regiment (RTP) in Petrozavodsk, Karelia and 146th Separate Radio-Technical Brigade (ORTBrOsN) in Bugry, Leningrad Oblast.



https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12152027@egNews

George1 wrote:2 units in the Western Military District(ZVO) have received Nebo-UM (55Zh6UM) radar complexes. Most likely 334th Radio-Technical Regiment (RTP) in Petrozavodsk, Karelia and 146th Separate Radio-Technical Brigade (ORTBrOsN) in Bugry, Leningrad Oblast.



https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12152027@egNews

The 146th is an ELINT unit or Electronic Intelligence (Signal listening and Direction finding). The Air Defense RTP regiment in Leningrad is the 333rd.

Over 70 new radars delivered to the VKS in 2017;

https://bmpd.livejournal.com/3039196.html

Digital radar goes on combat duty in central Russia

The Gamma-S1 radar is designed to control the airspace within a surveillance area of 10 to 300 km

MOSCOW, January 10. /TASS/. A Gamma-S1 digital radar station has assumed combat duty in the Kirov Region in the central-eastern part of European Russia for airspace control, the press office of Russia’s Central Military District reported on Wednesday.

The radar arrived for the Central Military District’s radio-technical troops under the defense procurement plan, the press office said.

"A Gamma-S1 digital radar station has gone on combat duty today. The radar will control the airspace in the Kirov Region," the press office said.

The Gamma-S1 radar is designed to control the airspace within a surveillance area of 10 to 300 km. The radar detects and tracks a broad range of modern and perspective air attack weapons, including aircraft-launched missiles, amid electronic warfare measures.

The radar automatically provides data on the routes of aerial objects to alert Air Force units. The radar’s crew comprises three men and its deployment does not exceed 40 minutes.

Russia’s radio-technical troops daily monitor the airspace in the country’s 29 regions, tracking the movement of over 500 aircraft, of which about 200 cross the state border.
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More:
http://tass.com/defense/984383

New Sky-U radar put on duty in Irkutsk oblast and an advanced Nebo-M radar system went on duty in Penza oblast. Range of detection of an aircraft flying at 30,000 meters is 600 km and one flying at 10,000 meters is 400 km.

Russia’s advanced Protivnik-GE mobile 3D surveillance radar enters service in Volga area

The Protivnik-GE radar is a highly mobile, jamming-proof decimetric surveillance radar with a track data processing capability

SAMARA, June 27. /TASS/. Russia’s fifth-generation Protivnik-GE mobile 3D surveillance radar has entered service with air defense regiments headquartered in the Volga area region of Samara, a spokesperson for Russia’s Central Military District told TASS on Tuesday.

"A fifth-generation multipurpose mobile radar, Protivnik-GE, has entered service with air defense units in the Samara region. This radar station is the first of its kind in the Volga area," the source said.

The Protivnik-GE radar is a highly mobile, jamming-proof decimetric surveillance radar with a track data processing capability.

Featuring digital phased array and digital space-time signal processing, the radar is designed to automatically or semi-automatically detect, position, and track strategic and tactical aircraft, cruise missiles, ballistic targets and small-size low-speed aerial vehicles. It can also classify targets, conduct friend-or-foe identification, locate active jammers, as well as to generate radar data for direction of fighter aircraft and designation data for surface-to-air missile systems when operating as part of automated Air Defence and Air Force command-and-control systems.


More:
http://tass.com/defense/1011051

https://life.ru/t/%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F/1155417/stiels_ia_tiebia_vizhu_kak_rabotaiut_kvantovyie_radary

This goes into detail of overall Quantum Radar tech but does concentrate a bit on Russia's development.

Upgraded radar stations assume combat duty in Volga area

Modernized medium- and high-altitude radar stations have assumed combat duty in the Samara Region in the Volga area

SAMARA, October 8. /TASS/. Modernized medium- and high-altitude radar stations have assumed combat duty in the Samara Region in the Volga area, the press office of the Central Military District reported on Monday.

"Modernized Gamma-S1M and Nebo-UM radar stations have assumed combat duty in an air defense formation of the Central Military District in the Samara Region," the press office said.

The radar systems are designed to detect, locate and track various air targets: from aircraft to cruise and other missiles, including small-size, hypersonic and ballistic weapons. The radar stations have a maximum operating range of up to 600 km.

The radars’ equipment allows identifying an object’s state affiliation and transmitting data to a command post or air defense systems. Besides, the radar stations are capable of finding jamming sources and determining their location. Radar crews have undergone training to learn to operate new weapon systems.


More:
http://tass.com/defense/1024906

New radar of Central Military District’s air defence formation strengthens air control over Volga region

The Nebo-U three-dimensional radar station entered the Central Military District’s air defence division in the Samara Region by the State Defence Order.

The Nebo-U station is intended for detecting, coordinate measuring and tracking aircraft, cruise and guided missiles at distances of up to 600 kilometres. It provides direction finding of barrage jammers and air objects’ friend-or-foe identification.

The new radar has increased the Central Military District’s operational capabilities to control the airspace of the Volga region.

http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12200408@egNews

New on radiophotonics:

Experimental the locator elements radiophonic technologies
22.11.2018

At the scientific and technical Council of JSC "NPK "NIIDAR", which is part of JSC" RTI", announced the creation of the first experimental locator with elements of radio-photon technologies.

At the scientific and technical Council in NIIDAR, which was attended by scientists and designers of OKB "Planeta", MEPhI, NTC "Module" and other enterprises, the first application in our country of new radio-photon technologies and components in the established experimental radar station was considered. This is the first sample of the existing experimental radar with the use of radio-photon technologies. Specialists successfully conducted field tests of its constituent parts and the whole sample for the detection and tracking of air targets. As part of the work on radio Photonics were created: ultra-wideband phased array antenna based on the elements of radio Photonics using optical data lines, multi-channel Converter input analog ultra-wideband microwave signal X-range in the optical form, optical diagram-forming device, optical ultra-wideband heterodyne.

"We have confirmed the possibility of using radio-photon technologies in radar, using discrete elements. The experimental model we have created so far has a lot of shortcomings and limitations in application, but the positive result allows us to move to the next phase of development of radio-photon technologies, - said the General Director of JSC "RTI" Maxim Kuzyuk, - the next step we need to start the development and development of advanced technologies and, in particular, photonic integrated circuits, they can compete with radio-electronic products operating in different ranges of radio waves - in millimetre and centimetre, in those cases when it is required over a wide bandwidth and high resistance to external electromagnetic influences".

During the Army-2018 forum, RTI Concern was identified as a technology competence center for the development of radio-photon technologies.

https://www.aorti.ru/media/news/v-rti-sozdan-eksperimentalnyy-lokator-s-elementami-radiofotonnykh-tekhnologiy/

LMFS wrote:New on radiophotonics:

Experimental the locator elements radiophonic technologies
22.11.2018

At the scientific and technical Council of JSC "NPK "NIIDAR", which is part of JSC" RTI", announced the creation of the first experimental locator with elements of radio-photon technologies.
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Great
Lets hope the Money appears

Arrow wrote:How does the photonic radar work?

in general wide band radar. Yes if we talk abut ROFAR - it uses non-opticalfrequncies in antennas. up to 100GHz bandwidth with AD converters and optical elements inside.

It can see stealth and locate them + even see with great details (100GHz is ~3mm wave, check microwave scanners to see results accuracy), them in . Microwaves are attenuated by atmosphere but there are "windows" - optical one and radio one so waves with some frequencies are not attenuated much by atmosphere. And of course long range means you still have optical/radar horizon. Bit since fighters are loitering on some kilometers usually this could be fairly large.

http://members.home.nl/7seas/radcalc.htm

Check here fighter at 15,000m theoretically can see other fighter at 2,000m form ~700km


Below one of explanations (check comments)

https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/96305/



Briefly (general information from open sources) everything is simple: A continuous stabilized laser, amplitude modulators and narrow-band optical filters are used to convert the radar signal to the low frequency range. , microresonator or Bragg fiber gratings.

A part of the laser beam is modulated in amplitude by the carrier microwave signal and also filtered to suppress the optical carrier and one of the sidebands.

After that, the optical signals containing the received signal and the microwave carrier signal can be mixed on the photodetector and digitized by a slow electronic ADC.

For modern optical elements, the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the converter can reach 60-70 dB or more for a microwave signal with a carrier of tens of gigahertz and a bandwidth of 100 MHz and above.

The operation of a radio photon receiving channel with optical heterodyning can be used in the studied scheme for its use as a universal receiving channel providing a bandwidth of up to 100 MHz (signal duration up to 10 ns) with a carrier frequency of tens of GHz with a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 60 70 dB (10-11 effective bits of the digitized signal). The application of the optical carrier frequency suppression mode in the modulators of the receiving channel can also be promising. In this case, the signal-to-noise ratio rises several times, and also narrowband optical filters are not required in the circuit.

Radiophotonics, which studies the interaction of optical and microwave signals, allows you to create electronic devices with parameters unattainable by traditional means.

Photo of the stand units: optical receiver unit; optical transmitter unit with a delay line; coil with fiber optic cable (tripod with horn antenna not shown).

+++
The main advantages of radiophoton devices:

Ultra low loss and dispersion of optical fiber (less than 0.2 dB / km at 1550 nm, optical carrier ~ 200 THz).

Ultra-wideband (available optical fiber bandwidth is ~ 50 THz, the frequency band of modern photodiodes and modulators is up to 100 GHz and higher).

Low level of phase noise (the process of direct optical detection using a photodiode is not susceptible to the phase of optical radiation (to the phase and phase noise of the optical carrier).

High phase stability of optical fiber. Immunity to electromagnetic interference does not interfere.

Galvanic isolation of photon circuits.

Low weight and size of optical fiber.

Mechanical flexibility of optical fiber (facilitates the design).

Some problems of radio photon devices:

Amplitude noise and attenuation introduced by modulation-demodulation of the optical signal (channel noise ratio is usually 10 ÷ 30 dB, attenuation to 30 dB, which forces the use of low-noise amplifiers at the input, and linear amplifiers at the output, with all their disadvantages).

The limited dynamic range associated with the nonlinearity of optical modulators and direct current modulation of semiconductor lasers.
+++



Low level of phase noi
07/27/1711:20:32
The main question is - can the used frequency range negate the stealth technology? As far as I know, the radar of the mid-frequency range, built into the slats of the PAK-FA

# 937464 ↑
7 Vsemoguchij Vsemoguchij
27.7.1711:21:17
In general, YES!

# 937465 ↑
eleven Vsemoguchij Vsemoguchij
27.7.1711:25:00
- Radiophotonic radar will be able to see, far beyond the existing radar. And since it will irradiate the enemy in an unprecedentedly wide range of frequencies, we will know its position in space with the utmost precision, and after processing it will be almost a photographic image of it - radio vision. This is very important for determining the type: the aircraft’s computer can immediately and automatically establish that it is flying, for example, an F-18 with specific types of missile weapons.

The enemy is irradiated in an unprecedentedly wide range of frequencies.

Due to its ultra-wideband and enormous dynamic range of the receiver, the radiophoton radar will have greater potential for protection against interference. Also, due to the fact that all sixth generation fighter systems will be integrated in terms of functions, the photon radar will additionally perform electronic warfare (EW) tasks, transmit data and serve as a means of communication.

From an interview with Advisor to the First Deputy Director General of KRET Vladimir Mikheev.

- What will it look like?

- The radio photon locator will not be a separate module in the nose of the aircraft, it will be a distributed system. Something similar can be observed today on the fifth-generation fighter T-50 (PAK FA), whose radar operates in different bands and in different directions. In fact, it is one locator, but it is spaced along the plane. It turns out about 3-4 different radars, which are comfortably placed throughout the fuselage and allow you to simultaneously observe the entire space around the aircraft.

Edited: Vsemoguchij ~ 11: 25 07.27.17

GunshipDemocracy wrote:

Arrow wrote:How does the photonic radar work?

in general wide band radar. Yes if we talk abut ROFAR - it uses non-opticalfrequncies in antennas.  up to 100GHz bandwidth with AD converters and optical elements inside.

It can see stealth and locate them + even see with great details (100GHz is ~3mm wave, check microwave scanners to see results accuracy),  them in .  Microwaves are attenuated by atmosphere but there are "windows" - optical one and radio one so waves with some frequencies are not attenuated much by atmosphere. And of course long range means you still have optical/radar  horizon. Bit since fighters are loitering on some kilometers usually this could be fairly large.

http://members.home.nl/7seas/radcalc.htm

Check here  fighter at 15,000m theoretically can see other fighter at 2,000m form ~700km


Below one of explanations (check comments)

https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/96305/



Briefly (general information from open sources) everything is simple: A continuous stabilized laser, amplitude modulators and narrow-band optical filters are used to convert the radar signal to the low frequency range. , microresonator or Bragg fiber gratings.

A part of the laser beam is modulated in amplitude by the carrier microwave signal and also filtered to suppress the optical carrier and one of the sidebands.

After that, the optical signals containing the received signal and the microwave carrier signal can be mixed on the photodetector and digitized by a slow electronic ADC.

For modern optical elements, the signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the converter can reach 60-70 dB or more for a microwave signal with a carrier of tens of gigahertz and a bandwidth of 100 MHz and above.

The operation of a radio photon receiving channel with optical heterodyning can be used in the studied scheme for its use as a universal receiving channel providing a bandwidth of up to 100 MHz (signal duration up to 10 ns) with a carrier frequency of tens of GHz with a signal-to-noise ratio equal to 60 70 dB (10-11 effective bits of the digitized signal). The application of the optical carrier frequency suppression mode in the modulators of the receiving channel can also be promising. In this case, the signal-to-noise ratio rises several times, and also narrowband optical filters are not required in the circuit.

Radiophotonics, which studies the interaction of optical and microwave signals, allows you to create electronic devices with parameters unattainable by traditional means.

Photo of the stand units: optical receiver unit; optical transmitter unit with a delay line; coil with fiber optic cable (tripod with horn antenna not shown).

+++
The main advantages of radiophoton devices:

Ultra low loss and dispersion of optical fiber (less than 0.2 dB / km at 1550 nm, optical carrier ~ 200 THz).

Ultra-wideband (available optical fiber bandwidth is ~ 50 THz, the frequency band of modern photodiodes and modulators is up to 100 GHz and higher).

Low level of phase noise (the process of direct optical detection using a photodiode is not susceptible to the phase of optical radiation (to the phase and phase noise of the optical carrier).

High phase stability of optical fiber. Immunity to electromagnetic interference does not interfere.

Galvanic isolation of photon circuits.

Low weight and size of optical fiber.

Mechanical flexibility of optical fiber (facilitates the design).

Some problems of radio photon devices:

Amplitude noise and attenuation introduced by modulation-demodulation of the optical signal (channel noise ratio is usually 10 ÷ 30 dB, attenuation to 30 dB, which forces the use of low-noise amplifiers at the input, and linear amplifiers at the output, with all their disadvantages).

The limited dynamic range associated with the nonlinearity of optical modulators and direct current modulation of semiconductor lasers.
+++    



Low level of phase noi
07/27/1711:20:32
The main question is - can the used frequency range negate the stealth technology? As far as I know, the radar of the mid-frequency range, built into the slats of the PAK-FA

# 937464 ↑
7 Vsemoguchij Vsemoguchij
27.7.1711:21:17
In general, YES!      

# 937465 ↑
eleven Vsemoguchij Vsemoguchij
27.7.1711:25:00
- Radiophotonic radar will be able to see, far beyond the existing radar. And since it will irradiate the enemy in an unprecedentedly wide range of frequencies, we will know its position in space with the utmost precision, and after processing it will be almost a photographic image of it - radio vision. This is very important for determining the type: the aircraft’s computer can immediately and automatically establish that it is flying, for example, an F-18 with specific types of missile weapons.

The enemy is irradiated in an unprecedentedly wide range of frequencies.

Due to its ultra-wideband and enormous dynamic range of the receiver, the radiophoton radar will have greater potential for protection against interference. Also, due to the fact that all sixth generation fighter systems will be integrated in terms of functions, the photon radar will additionally perform electronic warfare (EW) tasks, transmit data and serve as a means of communication.

From an interview with Advisor to the First Deputy Director General of KRET Vladimir Mikheev.

- What will it look like?

- The radio photon locator will not be a separate module in the nose of the aircraft, it will be a distributed system. Something similar can be observed today on the fifth-generation fighter T-50 (PAK FA), whose radar operates in different bands and in different directions. In fact, it is one locator, but it is spaced along the plane. It turns out about 3-4 different radars, which are comfortably placed throughout the fuselage and allow you to simultaneously observe the entire space around the aircraft.

Edited: Vsemoguchij ~ 11: 25 07.27.17

Nice post. BTW the greatest aspect about ROFAR is not the actual radar part, but the computing part as in Photonic computing. Photonic computing would literally benefit any area that benefits from '0-1 logic gate' computing (basically ever field imaginable, military and civilian).

What I don't yet understand is how the wideband antenna necessary for such a frequency range will look like...